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If the flesh is weak, bones can be weak, too. Fractures are often painfully slow to heal, and bones degenerate with age. Doctors are attempting to repair severe breaks with bone taken from the patient’s body .usually the hip,or with implants of new synthetic substances such as calcium triphosphate. Such implants, however are either scarce or expensive. Now researchers have identified a biochemical substance that could speed up the process that makes bones mend — and might even make old bones strong again.

Collagen Corp., of Palo Alto, Calif., has isolated a hor­mone like protein that induces connective tissue cells sur­rounding bone to form cartilage, the tough white gristle (car­tilage) from which bones are made. The protein, dubbed “car­tilage inducting factor” (CIF), is present in human and ani­mal bone, but in quantities that are too minute to heal major fractures quickly. Collagen has succeeded in extracting CIF from pulverized animal bone. By applying a mixture of CIF and other proteins to a fractured area, scientists hope to force cartilage — and, eventually, bone - to grow.

So far Collagen’s scientists have used the method exclusively to heal animal fractures, emploing CIF extracted from the bones of cows. With the help of molecular engineers at Monsanto Co., however, Collagen plans to apply recombinant DNA (deozyribonucleic acid) techniques to produce large quantities of CIF. Once CIF extracts are available, Collagen’s researchers hope to use the material to do more than just knit together simple fractures. The protein, they believe, can be utilized to replace bone tissue lost from gum disease, fuse spines, recon­struct cleft palates and correct other congenital deffects.

Task 19. Read the text, choose the paragraphs that took your fancy and express in your own words the reason of your choice whether positive or negative:

DOCTOR IN THE HOUSE by R. Gordon¹

(an extract)

To a medical student the final examinations are something like death: an unpleasant inevitability to be faced sooner or later, one’s state after which is determined by the care spent in preparing for the event.

V " ‘ 18

...The examination is split into three sections, each one of which must be passed on its own. First there are the written papers, then “viva voce" examinations², and finally the clini­cal, when the student is presented with a patient and required to turn in a competent diagnosis in half an hour.

... I went with a hundred other students into one of the three large, square halls used for the examination. The po­lished wooden floor was covered with rows of desks set at a distance apart that made one’s neighbour’s writing complete­ly undecipherable if he had not, as was usually the case, already done so himself. Each desk was furnished with a card stamped with a black examination number, a clean square of pink blotting paper, and a pen apparently bought second-hand from the Post Office. The place smelt of floor-polish and fresh-sharpened pencils.

A single invigilator sat in his gown and hood on a raised platform to keep an eye open for flagrant cheating. He was helped by two or three uniformed porters who stood by the doors and looked impassionately down at the poor victims, like the policemen that flank the dock at the Old Baily¹. The students scraped into their chairs, shot a hostile glance at the clock, and turned apprehensively to the buff question paper already laid out on each desk.

The first paper was on general medicine. The upper half of the sheet was taken up with instructions in bold print telling the candidate to write on one side of the paper only, answer all the questions, and to refrain from cribbing⁴ at peril of being thrown out. I brought my eyes painfully to the four questions beneath. At a glance I saw they were all short and pungent.

‘Give an account of the signs, symptoms, and treatment of heart failure’ was the first. "Hell of a lot in that!”⁵1 thought.

1. read the second one and cursed. 'Discuss the changes in the treatment of pneumonia since 1930.’ I felt the examiners had played a dirty trick by asking the same disease two years in succession. The next simply demanded ‘How would you in­vestigate an outbreak of typhoid fever?’ and the last was a request for an essay on worms which I felt I could bluff my way through.

Three hours were allowed for the paper. About half-way through the anonymous examinees began to differentiate them­selves. Some of them strode up for an extra answer book⁶, with an awkward expression of selfconsciousness and superi­ority in their faces. Others rose to their feet, handed in their papers, and left. Whether these people were so brilliant they were able to complete the examination in an hour and a half or whether this was the time required for them to set down unhurriedly their entire knowledge of medicine was never apparent from the nonchalant air with which they left the room. The invigilator tapped bell half an hour before time; the last question was rushed through, then the porters began tearing papers away from gentlemen dissatisfied with the pe- riod allowed for them to express themselves and hoping by an incomplete sentence to give the examiners the impression of frustrated brilliance.

I walked down the stairs feeling as if I had just finished an eightround fight. ... The other candidates jostled round, chat­tering like children just out of school.

Notes

1. Richard Gordon has been an anaesthetist at a big London hospital, a ship’s surgeon and assistant editor of a medical journal. He also wrote quite a number of books. “Doctor in the House", "Doctor at Large”, "Doctor at Sea”, “Doctor in Love”, “Doctor and Son”, “Surgeon at Arms” are among them.

2. "viva voce” examination — when the students answer orally

3. Old Baily — a prison in London

4. cribbing — using cribs during the examination

•'Hell of a lot in that! - it is rather a voluminous task (question)

5. answer book — a paper or a few sheets for the candi­dates’ answers

Keys

Task 4. t — b; 2 — j; 3 — d; 4 — 1; 5 — i; 6 — k; 7 — m; 8 — n; 9 - h; 10 - g; 11 - a; 12 - f; 13 - c; 14 - c.

Task S. 1 — c; 2 - d; 3 — f; 4 — i; 5 — a; 6 — j, 7 — h; 8 — c; 9 - g; 10 - b

Task 6. 1. As far as their function in concerncd the hands allow us to work. 2 As far as their function is concerned the feet allow us to walk. 3. As far as their function is concerned the teeth allow us to chew (to masticate). 4. As far as their function is concerned the eyes allow us to sec. 5 . As far as their function is concerned the ears allow us to hear and to listen to. 6. As far as their function is concerncd the lips allow us to speak and to kiss. 7. As far as their function is concerncd the eyelids and eyelashes allow us to protect the eyes.

Task 10. 1 — e, 2 - a, 3 - b; 4 — d; 5 - f; 6 — c.

Task II. I — c (osteoporosis); 2 - b (osteomyelitis); 3-d (se­questrum); 4 — e (acromegalia); 5 - a (myograph).

Task IS. I - c (intramuscular); 2 - d (pharmacology); 3 - a (contraindications); 4 — c (pharmacognosy); 5 - f (phar­macodynamics).

Task 16. 1 - b (arthritis); 2 - c (osteoarthritis); 3 — d (arthropy- osis); 4 — a (synarthrosis); 5 - e (diarthrosis); 6 - f (ar­thralgia).

UNIT TWO

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

In this unit you will learn:

Some anatomic terms pertaining to the theme “Cardiovas­cular System" (the texts “The Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System" and “Types of Cells in the Blood”). You will pick up a few terms from the dictionary articles “Echocardiogram”, “Thrombosthenin”, "Spectrin”, and “Neovascularization”.

You will almost have to decipher (decode) quite a number of clinical terms in an extract from "Essays on Reanimatolo- gy” by N. A. Negovsky and the dictionary articles "Artificial Blood”, “DBA”, “Microwave Sickness” and “Von Willebrand’s Disease”.

A great many of pharmaceutical terms you will find in the dictionary articles “Bufalin”, “Bufadienolide”, “Practolol", “Anturane”, “Sulfinpyrazone”, "Thromboxane", “Trinitrolong" and in a summary "Ramipril against Hypertension...".

An additional information about American Blood Institute (ABI) of which Joseph J. Stone, M. D. is the president is suggested for your home-reading task.

The next passage from the book "Doctor in the House” by Richard Gordon will make you know the further stages of the examinations for medical students in Great Britain.

The exercise-tasks aimed at the development of your word- building and term-deciphering abilities will also help you to master the language of medicine.

Anatomic Terms

Task 1. Pronounce and memorize the words to the theme studied. Pay attention to the fact that only the specific meaning of the words mentioned is taken into account:

circulatory ['sakjuleitan] кровоносний: пов'язаний з кро­вообігом blood [bUd] кров to mean [mi:n], (meant) означати artery ['a:teri] артерія vein [vein] вена

capillary [кз'ріізп] капіляр chamber ['t/eimbaj порожнина (серця) atrium ['artriam] передсердя (атріум) heart [ha:t] серце auricle [’з:пк1] вушко передсердя ventricle ['ventrikl] шлуночок (серця) valve Ivaelv] клапан (серця)

tricuspid valve [trai'luspid] клапан тристулковий (пе- редсердношлуночковий правий) mitral valve ['maitral] мітральний двостулковий клапан (передсердношлуночковий лівий) septum ['septam] перегородка (серця) vessel ['vesl] судина systole ['sistäli] скорочення серця diastole [dai'aestali] розширення серця hypertension [,haipa:'tenfn] гіпертензія hypotension [,haipa'tenfn] гіпотензія lung [Iaq] легеня aorta [ei'o:ta] аорта fluid ['flu(:)id] рідина serum ['siaram] сироватка plasma ['plaezma] плазма corpuscle ['koipAsl] тільце platelet ['pleitlit] тромбоцит erythrocyte [i'riGrasait] еритроцит leukocyte ['lju:kasait] лейкоцит protein ['proutun] білок vascular ['vsskjula] судинний vitreous f'vitrias] скловидний humor ['hjurma] рідина (тіла) cornea ['ko:nia] роговиця (ока) ufea ['juana] сечовина bloodstream ['blAdstri:m] кровообіг catabolism [ks'taebalizm] катаболізм - сукупність реак­цій обміну речовин

hemoglobin [,hi:mo(u)'gloubin] гемоглобін — пігмент крові людини

carbon dioxide ['ka:ban dai'oks(a)id] вуглекислий газ granulocyte I 'graenjulasait] гранулоцит — різновид лей­коцитів, клітина яких містить білкові гранули eosinophile ['i:ousinoufail] еозинофіл - різновид лей­коцитів, має рожевий колір під дією кислих барвників basophile ['beisoufail] базофіл — різновид лейкоцитів neutrophile Г' njutroufail ] нейтрофіл — різновид лейкоцитів asthma ['aesma] астма

Task 2. Read and memorize the expressions and equi­valents. They will help you to understand better the texts and articles which follow:

Expressions

it can be thought as це може вважатися the only route of communication єдиний спосіб сполучення, з’єднання

to be supplied with smth. постачатися чимось to distribute smth. by means of smth. розподіляти щось, шляхом...

to form a close net-work утворювати компактну сітку gradually joining together поступово з’єднуючись too small to be seen надто малі, щоб бути поміченими by the naked eye неозброєним оком to convert food to energy перетворювати їжу на енергію _|

Equivalents

Greek	Latin	English	Ukrainian
eosin/o	aurora, ae f cor, cordis n	dawn	світанок
cardi/o		heart	серце
osmotic	impulsus, us m	push	поштовх
angi/o	vas, vasis n	vessel	судина
bas/o	basis, is f	base	основа ., шорсткий
trachoma	asper.a, urn	rough
phag/o	edo, ere	to eat, to de­vour	1 в
systole	contractio, onis f	contraction	скорочення
diastole	dilatatio, onis f	dilatation	розширення
echo	sonus, i m	sound	звук
erythr/o	ruber, bra, brum	red	червоний
leuk/o	albus, a, urn	white	білий
cyt/o	cellula, ae f	cell	клітина
h(a)em/o	sangius, inis m	blood	кров ;
ne/o	novus, a, um forma, ae f	new	новий
morph/o		form	форма; вигляд
poly-	multum	many	багато
mono-	unus, a, um	one	один;єдиний '
tachy-	celer, eris, ere	fast, quick	швидкий
brady-	lentus, a, urn	slaggLsh, slow	повільний

Task 3. Do the texts. Get ready to ask questions about the text, to determine what the title of the text is about and to make up a plan or an outline of these texts: