1) Drug; 2) aspirin; 3) to cause; 4) damage; 5) evidence;

5. ailment; 7) painkillers.

(a — acetylsalicylic acid; b — testimony; proof; c - disease; sickness; illness; malady; indisposition; d — analgesic drugs; e — remedy; medicine; f — injury; harm; g - to give rise to)

Task 24. Choose the antonyms to the words taken from the articles “Preventing Kidney Stones” and “Analysis of Side Effects” and check your choice with the key:

1) excessive; 2) to approve; 3) capable; 4) to reduce; 5) to allow; 6) current; 7) awareness.

(a — to prohibit; b — obsolete; old; c — indifference; d — to augment; e — unable; f — moderate; g - to deny; to denounce)

Task 25. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words:

1. Anturane stimulates the ... of uric acid. 2. A few years of regular ... of aspirin may cause problem. 3. Patients who have kidney transplant operations, are usually chronic users of ... . 4. Sodium cellulose phosphate can prevent excessive cal­cium in the ... . 5. Laetrile is an obtained from many

fruits and their pits (seeds). 6. Laetrile is found in the ... of many fruits. 7. An intense beam of pions ... the target cells.

(a — urine; b — kernels; c — excretion; d — damages; e — use; f — anticancer drug; g — painkillers)

Task 26. Read the text and get ready to dwell upon its content with your groupmates and your teachers:

THE RAZOR'S EDGE by W. S. Maugham

(an extract)

1 found a message from Joseph, Elliott’s manservant, to tell me that Elliot was ill in bed and would be glad to see me, so next day I drove over to Antibes. Joseph, before taking me up to see his master, told me that Elliot had had an attack of uremia and that his doctor took a grave view of his condition. He had come through it and was getting better, but his kid­neys were diseased and it was impossible that he should ever completely recover. Joseph had been with Elliot for forty years and was devoted to him, but though his manner was regretful it was impossible not to notice the inner satisfaction with which, like so many members of his class, catastrophe in the house filled him.

‘Ce pauvre monsieur,’¹ he sighed. ‘Evidently he had his manias but at bottom he was good. Sooner or later he must die.’ He spoke already as though Elliot were at his last gasp.

‘I’m sure he’s provided for you, Joseph,’ I said grimly.

‘One must hope it,’ he said mournfully.

I was surprised when he ushered me into the bedroom to find Elliot very spry. He was pale and looked old, but was in good spirits. He was shaved and his hair was neatly brushed. He wore pale blue silk pyjamas, on the pocket of which were embroidered his initials surmounted by his count’s crown. These, much larger and again with the crown, were heavily embroidered on the turned-down sheet.

I asked him how he felt.

‘Perfectly well,’ he said cheerfully. ‘It’s only a temporary indisposition. I shall be up and about again in a few days. I’ve got the Grand Duke Dimitri lunching with me on Saturday, and I’ve told my doctor he must put me to rights by then at all costs.’

I spent half an hour with him, and on my way out asked Joseph to let me know if Elliot had to relapse. I was aston­ished a week later when I went to lunch with one of my neighbours to find him there. Dressed for a party, he looked like death.

‘You oughtn’t to be out, Elliot,’ I told him.

'Oh, what nonsense, my dear fellow. Frieda is expecting the Princess Mafalda. I’ve known the Italian royal family for years, ever since poor Louisa was en poste at Rome, and I couldn’t let poor Frieda down.’

I did not know whether to admire his indomitable spirit or to lament that at his age, stricken with mortal illness, he should still retain his passion for society. You would never have thought he was a sick man. Like a dying actor when he has the grease paint on his face and steps on the stage, who forgets for the time being his aches and pains, Elliot played his part of the polished courtier with his accustomed assu­rance. He was infinitely amiable, flatteringly attentive to the proper people, and amusing with that malicious irony at which he was an adept. I think I had never see him display his social gift to greater advantage. When the Royal Highness had de­parted (and the grace with which Elliot bowed, managing to combine respect for her exalted rank with an old man's admi­ration for a comely women, was a sight to see) I was not surprised to hear our hostess tell him that he had been the life and soul of the party.

A few days later he was in bed again and his doctor forbade him to leave his room. Elliot was exasperated.

‘It’s too bad this should happen just now. It’s a particularly brilliant season. ’

Note

¹ Ce pauvre monsieur франц. досл. Нещасний пан (бідолаха)

Keys

Task 5. 1 — f; 2 — е; 3 — а; 4 - g: 5 - b; 6 - с: 7 — d, 8 — j;

9 - h; 10 - і.

Task G. 1 — j; 2 — c; 3 — i; 4 - a. 5 — b; 6 — h; 7 - f, 8 - g;

9 - c; 10 - d.

Task 8. 1+; 2-; 3-, 4-. 5+; 6-; 7-,

Task 11. 1 - f; 2 - g; 3 - h; 4 - i; 5 - d; 6 - c; 7 - c; 8 - a; 9 - b.

Task 13. 1 — b, 2 — a. 3 - b; 4 — b; 5 — a Task 15. t+; 2-. 3-, 4-.

Task 17. I - b, 2 - d; 3 - a; 4 - c; 5 - c.

Task 23. 1 — c; 2 — a; 3 — g; 4 — f; 5 — b; 6 — c; 7 — d.

Task 24. 1 — f; 2 — g; 3 — e; 4 — d; 5 — a; 6 — b; 7 — c.

Task 25. 1 - c, 2 — e; 3 - g; 4 — a; 5 — f; 6 — b; 7 - d.

UNIT EIGHT

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

In the unit you will learn the anatomic terms from the texts "Female Reproductive System” and “Male Reproduc­tive System”, some additional terms with their definitions. You will also study some equivalents and do a number of tasks on word-building, synonyms and antonyms.

Some articles from "U.S. News and World Report" and "Time” have been chosen for your acquaintance with authen­tic English sentence structures and a mass media style of new presentation.

The dictionary articles will dwell upon some recent drugs used in current medical practice.

A passage from “Hatter’s Castle” by A. Cronin concludes the unit under review.

Anatomic Terms

Task 1. Memorize the words and expressions to the text “Female Reproductive System”:

ovum ['ouvam] (pi ova) яйце embryo ['embriou] (pi embryos) зародок fetus ['fi:tas] плід

prenatal development передпологовий розвиток uterus ['ju:taras] (pi uteri ['ju:terai]) матка fertilization [^з:ЬІ(а)і'геі/(з)п] запліднення breasts [brests] молочні залози; груди ovary ['ouvan] яєчник

almond-shaped ['armsnd/eipt] мигдалевидний; миг­далеподібний

puberty period ['pju:bati'pianad] період статевого виз­рівання

a pear-shaped ['peajeipt] грушоподібний orifice ['orifis] круглий отвір vagina [ve^/d3ama] піхва perineum [,peri'ni:am] промежина

Task 2. Learn the additional terms to describe a female reproductive system:

B

A /pt H

artholin’s glands — glands at the vaginal orifice, which secrete lubricating fluid fa/? Tct-t-CÔ parturition — act of giving a birth / GPS*— menstruation — a periodic discharge of The menses, or the period when this occurs. It is associated with a sort of bleeding from the uterus and abdominal cramps menarche — the first menstrual period of a girl in puberty pseudocyesis [,(p)sju:dou'si3sis] — false (pretended, sham) pregnancy *-

dystocia [dis'tousia] — abnormal delivery (childbirth; menopause — end of the fertile period in the female Mi. intrauterine device — a device inserted into the uterus as a means of contraception #4 contraception — any method used to prevent fertiliza­tion of the egg and thus, pregnancy chorion — outermost layer of the two nrptective layers which surround the embryo ^

Task 3. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian. Get ready to speak on a female reproductive system:

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The female reproductive system consists of organs which produce ova (the female sex cells) and provide a place for the growth of the embryo (a stage in prenatal development in the uterus from fertilization, which is the union of the male and female sex cells, of the egg through its second month up to the third month).

Female reproductive organs supply special hormones that contribute to the development of female secondary sex charac­teristic such as breasts, etc. Ova are produced by the ovary (either of the pair of almond-shaped reproductive glands in the lower abdomen) from the puberty period (the fertile period in males and females) to menopause (end of the fertile period in the female). Release of ovum from the graafian follicle (sac in the ovary containing the ovum and producing a hormone called estrogen) of the ovary into the fallopian tube is called ovulation. The ruptured follicle fills first with blood, and then with corpus luteum (glandilar tissue formed in the ovary which produces the hormone progesterone). Besides the ovaries the major organs of the female reproductive system

include the fallopian tubes (they are hornlike and serve as natural ducts, paths for the egg to penetrate into the uterus), uterus, which is a pear-shaped organ between the urinary bladder and the rectum, vagina, which opens to the outside of the body and the external genitalia (vulva). Vulva includes vaginal lips, clitoris (organ of sensitive tissue) and the vaginal and urethral orifices. The space between the vaginal orifice and the anus is called perineum, which is sometimes cut during childbirth.

To a female reproductive system belong also the breasts. They are two milk-producing glands which consist of special lactiferus ducts and sinuses, carrying milk to the nipple.

Placenta should also be mentioned here as the spongelike vascular organ which develops during pregnancy in the uterine wall. The placenta is derived from maternal endometrium and the chorion (a membrane which surrounds the embryo). Another membrane the amnion is the innermost of the embryo­nic membranes which holds the fetus in an amnionic cavity surrounded by amnionic fluid.

Task 4. Study the words and expressions to the text “Male Reproductive System”:

gonads [ gonadz] гонади; статеві залози, які утворюють гамети і статеві продукти людини testis (pi testes) яєчко scrotum ['skroutam] мошонка, калитка a prostate gland передміхурова залоза spermatozoon (pi spermatozoa) сперматозоїд; живчик motility [mou'tiliti] рухомість; рухливість

Task S. Learn the additional terms to describe a male reproductive system:

vas deferens — the epididymis (a long, oval-shaped struc­ture attached to the rear upper surface of each testicle, con­sisting mainly of the excretory ducts of the testicles) runs down the length of the testicle and then turns upward again and becomes a narrow straight tube called the vas deferens. It carries the sperm up into the pelvic region, around the urinary bladder, and then down toward the urethra

seminal vesicles — glands which are located at the base of the bladder and open into the vas deferens as it joins the urethra

Task 6. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian. Get ready to comment upon the structure of a male repro­ductive system:

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The male gonads (organs in male which produce sex cells) are a pair of testes (testicles), the scrotum (a sack enclosing the testes on the outside of the body), the prostate gland and the penis (phallus). The interior of a testis is composed of a large mass of the seminiferous tubules. These tubules contain cells which manufacture spermatozoa. Other cells in the testes produce an important male hormone, testosterone. Sperm cells move through the seminiferous tubules and are collected in ducts which lead to a large tube at the epididymis (upper part of each testis). Semen is a combination of fluid spermatozoa which is ejected (ejaculation) from the body through the urethra. The prostate gland secretes a thick fluid which as part of semen aids the motility of the sperm. The penis is composed of erectile tissue and a soft sensitive part called the glans penis. The latter can be either visible when the foreskin (prepuce) is removed or unvisible when a fold of skin covers it.

Task 7. Study the equivalents which may be useful for understanding terms pertaining to this unit:

Greek	Latin	English	Ukrainian
00-	ovun,i n	egg	яйце
oophor	ovarium, iin	ovary	яєчник
masto	mamma, ae f	breast	молочна зало­
			за; груди
episio	vulva, ae f	vulva	жіночі зовнішні
			статеві органи
colpo	vagina, ae f	vagina; sheath	піхва
cervico-	collum, i n	neck	шийка
metro-	uterus, i m	uterus	матка; ураз
salpinx	tuba,ae f	tube; (pipe)	труба
orchi-	testis, is f	testis	яєчко
didym(oi)	testis, is f	testicle; testis	яєчко
prostat-	antesto, are	prostate	передміхурова
		(to stand ahead)	залоза; перед-
balan			сердечник
	glans penis	glans penis	головка стате­
phallos		(capitulum)	вого члена
	penis, is m	phallus; member	статевий член,
(as a token			прутень

of fertility)

Task 8. Build medical terms. Consult the key for the correct answers:

1) rupture of the uterus; 2) inflammation of the fallopian tubes; 3) removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries; 4) false pregnancy; 5) suture of the vagina and the vulva; 6) scanty menstrual flow; 7) egg cell; 8) pertaining to pro­ducing milk.

(a — salpingitis; b — pseudocyesis; c - colpoepisiorrha- phy; d — oligomenorrhea; e — oocyte; f — hysterorrhexis; g — hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy; h — lactogenic)

Task 9. Choose the synonyms and synonymous expres­sions to the following words:

1) female; 2) characteristic; 3) breast; 4) male; 5) way;

6. orifice; 7) child-birth; 8) a pair;

(a — a stern sex; b — duct; path; c — a round opening; d — couple; e — confinement; delivery; parturition; f — mamma; mammary gland; g — weaker sex; h — feature; distinction)

Task 10. Construct medical terms:

1) ...metrium; 2) ...itis; 3) ...arche; 4) oo...; 5) endo... itis; 6) gyneco...; 7) meno...;

(a — mast...; b — ...cyte; c - ...cervic ...; d — . .pause; e — ...logia; f — myo...; g — men...)

Task 11. Choose the meaning of the proper terms:

1) seminiferous tubules; 2) seminal vesicles; 3) sterilization; castration; 4) mammary papilla; 5) areola; 6) corpus luteum;

6. parturition; 8) labia majora and labia minora; 9) cul-de- sac; 10) lactation period.

(a) glands which are located at the base of the bladder; b) the breast ni pple; c) the dark-pigmented area around the mammary papilla; d) a period of the production of milk;

5. giving birth; f) two sets of vaginal lips; g) a region in the abdominal cavity midway between the uterus and the rectum; h) an organ which secretes two hormones, estrogen and proges- teron into the blood stream; i) an operation as a result of which a man or a woman is incapable to reproduce; j) the tubules in the testes which make sperm cells)

Task 12. Choose the proper terms for the definitions:

1. The organ of communication between the mother and embryo. 2. A membrane which surrounds the developing em­bryo. 3. A muscular tube extending from the uterus to the

exterior of the body. 4. Two small rounded glands on either side of the vaginal orifice which lubricate the vagina. 5. Flap of tissue covering the glans penis. 6. Two glands near the male urethra which lubricate it. 7. Hairlike process on a sperm cell which makes it motile.

(a - vagina; b — Bartholin’s glands; c — foreskin; d - bulbourethral glands; e — flagellum; f — chorion; g — placenta)

Clinical Terms

Task 13. Memorize the equivalents, which will help you

to better understand some terms:
Greek	Latin	English		Ukrainian
arche	initium, ii n	beginning		початок
cyesis	graviditas, atis f	pregnancy		вагітність
tocia	partus, us m	child-birth;		пологи
		delivery		сперматозоїд
sperm	semen, inis n	spermatozoon
cryo	frigiditas, atis f	chill; cold		холод
crypto	latens, ntis	hidden; latent		прихований

Task 14. Study the meaning of some terms used for describing pathological conditions of reproductive system and some processes of their treatment:

ectopic pregnancy — pregnancy which is not in the uterus (Lat. graviditas extrauterina) ovarian cysts — collections of fluid or solid material within a sac in the ovary

curettage — the process of curetting, sometimes dilating and scraping the lining of the uterus following the abor­tion to remove the remaining fragments of placenta, etc. lumpectomy — the surgical removal of a tumour in the breast.

In the "simple" mastectomy, the breast is removed but the lymph nodes are not touched, and in the “partial" mastectomy or “lumpectomy”, only the tumour and a surrounding section of nor­mal breast tissue are excised.

The treatment involves limited excision of the tumour (lumpectomy), irradiation (both external and internal), and most recently, chemotherapy (drug therapy) when cells have spread beyond the immediate breast area endocervicitis — inflammation of the inner lining of the cervix

fibroids - benign tumours in the uterus

hydrocele - hernia of fluid in the testes or the tubes

leading from the testes

phimosis — narrowing of the opening of the foreskin over the glans penis in males cryptorchism — underscended testicles hypospadia — congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis

Task 15. Memorize the expressions to the article from “U.S. News and World Report”. Read the article and get ready to answer the questions. Check your answers with the key:

to improve the outlook for patients поліпшити шанси на успіх для пацієнтів to find new clues відкрити нові шляхи розв’язання conventional X-rays звичайні рентгенограми CAT scans (computerized axial tomography) комп’ютерна аксіальна томографія to cut the toll from скоротити кількість летальних випадків earlier detection завчасне (раннє) виявлення

COMING: BETTER DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT FOR CANCER

Innovative treatments and diagnostic techniques are improv­ing the outlook for cancer patients even as researchers find new clues to the cause and spread of this disease. At the annual symposium of the American Cancer Society here, me­dical scientists reported —

Successful control. Most forms of cancer will be either prevented or effectively treated by the year 2000 — not by a single magic bullet treatment but by a combination of key advances in drugs, radiation and surgery.

In the majority of cases, patients already can be treated success­fully for 14 types of cancer, including some adult and childhood leukemias and lymphomas, Wilms’s tumour — a kidney cancer in children — and cancers of the bone, testicles and ovaries.

Survival also has improved for persons with seven of the

9. major forms of cancer including cancer of the breast, colon, rectum and prostate.

Diagnostic tool. A new imaging technique called nuclear magnetic resonance — NMR - can find hidden tumours such

as liver and lung cancers that usually don’t show up with conventional X-rays and CAT scans.

Using electromagnetic fields that are 10,000 times stronger than the earth's normal magnetic field, NMR maps body tis­sue without exposing patients to potentially harmful effects of ionizing radiation. With this method, doctors can spot very small tumours buried in the brain, spinal cord, liver or lungs. In most cases, there is a better chance of recovery with early diagnosis of these difficult-to-find cancers. Still in experimen­tal stage, NMR systems cost more than 2 million dollars.

Testicular-cancer alert. Early diagnosis is critical to cut the toll from testicular cancer, a leading cancer killer of men age 20 to 40. According to Dr. George R. Prout, Jr., of Harvard Medical School, testicular tumours spread elsewhere in the body more rapidly than any other solid tumour. At Massachusetts General Hospital, the death rate for testicular cancer has fallen from 31 percent in 1970 — 75 to 16 percent since 1975 because of earlier detection and combining drugs with surgery.

Just as women recognize the need to examine their breasts regularly, men should be aware of the need for regular self- examination of the testes and for immediately seeking medical help on finding lumps, swelling or other changes. Prout says that a one or two-month delay can make a difference between life and death.

Questions to be answered:

1. What improves the outlook for cancer patients? 2. How will most forms of cancer be treated by the year 2000? 3. Why is NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) considered an effective diagnostic tool? 4. What natural phenomenon is used in NMR?

5. Are the diagnostic tools such as NMR cheap or expensive?

6. What is critical to cut the toll from testicular cancer?

7. What is a peculiar feature of testicular tumours? 8. What types of cancer can be treated successfully so far?

Possible answers:

a) It can find hidden tumours such as liver and lung cancers, b) Electromagnetic field which is 10,000 time stronger than the earth’s normal magnetic field, c) Rather expensive ones. NMR systems cost more than 2 million dollars, d) Innovative treatment and diagnostic technique and new clues for the cause of cancer, e) Early diagnosis, f) By a combination of key advances in drugs, radiation and surgery, g) 14 types of cancer, including cancers of testicles, ovaries, etc. h) They spread more rapidly.

Task 16. Read the article from the “Time” magazine and say what this article deals with. Describe the way IVF (in-vitro¹ fertilization) is performed. Express your own attitude towards the problem of test-tube babies:

A REVOLUTION IN MAKING BABIES

New Techniques Help Childless Couples — Even after Menopause

The growing problem of infertility — exacerbated by a generation of would-be parents who put off having babies until their 30s and 40s — and the early successes of in-vitro (“test-tube”) fertilization have laid the groundwork for a revolution in reproductive technology.

Of all the barriers to pregnancy, menopause, which shuts down the release of eggs from the ovaries, was long conside­red the most insurmountable. But though the ovaries may shrivel like raisins, the other reproductive organs of post­menopausal women are still viable. These women can now become pregnant using someone else’s eggs, according to a remarkable report in New England Journal of Medicine. A team led by Dr. Mark Sauer of the University of Southern California impregnated six of seven postmenopausal women, ages 40 to 44, using eggs that were taken from younger women and fertilized with sperm from the older women’s husbands. Four of these prematurely menopausal women gave birth to healthy offspring, one miscarried, and one head a stillborn baby — an outcome that Sauer said would have been considered normal with six younger women. "The limits on the childbearing years are now anyone’s guess,” wrote Dr. Mar­cia Angell in an accompanying editorial. Theoretically, donor eggs could allow women whose ovaries have stopped function­ing to bear children into their late 40 and 50s. Researchers believe that the new technique will have the biggest impact on women in their 40s who have not yet reached menopause but have failed to conceive. The new findings suggest that these women may be infertile not because their uteruses are too old but because their ovaries are, and that with eggs donated by younger women their chances of getting pregnant may be as good as those of the young women themselves. The hitch is, of course, that the children develloping from such

'in vitro (from Latin) — literally means “in glass” i. c.: isolated from a living organism and artificially maintained eggs have the genes of the female donor and are genetically unrelated to the mother who bears them — a fact that pre­sents both legal and ethical problems as yet unresolved.

The other report issued last week focuses attention on the Fallopian tubes, the narrow passages that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. Women whose tubes are clogged with scar tissue or other obstructions cannot conceive by natural means because their eggs have no way of getting to the womb. In the past, such women had to undergo surgery to have their tubes cleared. Now the problem can be overcome in a doctor’s office, according to an article in the Journal of the Ameri­can Medical Association. With a tiny ballon similar to those used to clear blocked arteries, scientists were able to unclog the Fallopian tubes in 64 of 77 women, 22 became pregnant within a year. Dr. Edmond Confino, who pioneered the tech­nique at Mount Sinai Hospital Medical Center in Chicago, estimates that it could help nearly one-third of the 1 million American women who suffer from blocked tubes.

The new methods join on array of novel techniques that seem to multiply faster than test-tube babies. Most are varia­tions on the pioneering procedure known an in-vitro fertiliza­tion. In IVF, eggs are removed from the ovaries, mixed with sperm in a laboratory dish, allowed to develop into embryos and then inserted into the uterus. But even at well-run clinics, the original IVF procedure fails 75 % to 85 % of the time. The biggest snag comes when the embryo in inserted in the uterus, an operation that can be very disruptive to the womb. As a result, such embryos often fail to take root, or implant. To increase the chances of implantation, many doctors are now inserting egg and sperm into the Fallopian tube, a proce­dure known as GIFT (for Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer). Fertilization takes place not in a laboratory dish but in the Fallopian tube, as it would naturally, and the resulting em­bryo drifts gently into the uterus, where it is much more likely to be successfully received. In yet another variation, called ZIFT (for Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer), the sperm are allowed to fertilize the eggs before transfer to the Fallopian tube. The advantage: only those eggs that are successfully fertilized need be transferred. GIFT and ZIFT have turned out to be breakthrough procedures. Some doctors who have switched from standart IVF to the new techniques have doubled their success rates, which now approach 50 %. As the odds have improved, the demand for IVF has surged, despite the high cost (up to $ 8,000 a try) and the uneven quality of the clinics offering the service.

Task 17. Build medical terms:

1) sperm in the urine; 2) condition of hidden testes; 3) con­dition of scanty sperm; 4) pus in the uterine tubes; 5) inci­sion of the cervix; 6) slow delivery or labour; 7) bursting forth of blood during menses; 8) rupture of uterus.

(a - cryptorchism; b — pyosalpinx; с — spermaturia; d — bradytocia; e — oligospermia; f — hysterorrhexis; g — menorrhagia; h — cervicotomy)

Task 18. Find the sentences with these words in the article (task IS) and choose their synonyms:

1) innovative; 2) outlook; 3) spread; 4) to prevent; 5) to show up; 6) harmful; 7) to spot.

(a — proliferation; b — to hinder; с - contemporary; d — prospects; e — to notice; to see; f — detriment; g — to become visible)

Task 19. Choose the English equivalents to the Ukrainian words. See the magazine article from task 16. Check your answers with the key:

1) майбутні батьки; 2) першокласні клініки; 3) перепона; 4) незважаючи на велику вартість; 5) найбільша перепона (трудність); 6) морщитися, всихати, як родзинки;

5. вкорінюватися, приживлятися; 8) у однієї був викидень; 9) мертвонароджена дитина; 10) робити продування (чистку) труб.

(а — the hitch is; b — to take root; с — one miscarried; d — to shrivel like raisins; e - a stillborn baby; f — well-run clinics; g — to have tubes cleared; h — despite the high cost; і — the biggest snag; j — would-be parents)

Task 20. Choose the antonyms to the words:

1) fertility; 2) in-vitro; 3) menopause; 4) to fail; 5) to insert; 6) to increase.

(a — menarche; b — to succeed; с — to withdraw; d — to decrease; e — in vivo; f — infertility)

Task 21. Imagine that you are taking your exam in gy­naecology. You are asked some questions or you have to explain the meaning of some terms. What would your answers be if you were asked to explain the terms:

1) cleidotomia; 2) caesarian section; 3) decapitation; 4) evis­ceration; 5) craniotomy; 6) episiotomy used in gynaecologi­cal surgery in case of complicated delivery.

(a) it is done when the child is already dead or a hydrocephalic child and in case of great disproportion between the head and the pelvis; b) the operation is done when the child is dead and cannot be extracted in cases of neglected shoulder presentation or in locked twins; c) this operation is not done now-a-days or very rarely done. It means the evacuation of the contents of the thorax and abdomen; d) it means that delivery of the fetus is performed by cutting through both the uterine wall and abdominal wall; e) it is an incision for widening the vulvar orifice to permit the easier passage of the foetus;

5. deviding the clavicles. It is done on dead child to facilitate its extraction. Usually it is helpful in cases where there is difficulty in extraction due to larger breadth of the shoulders.)

Task 22. Read the dictionary article and explain the meaning of these terms: