Unit six

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

This unit will provide and teach you a great many of anatomic, clinical and pharmaceutical terms to the theme “Endocrine System". Anatomic terms prevail in the text “En­docrine System and its Physiology” and in the tasks which follow the text.

The clinical terms have been picked up from the articles “The Dangers of Steroids”, “Hormones ‘Double Risk of Strokes’" and are being explained in the further given tasks.

The pharmaceutical terms will draw your attention in the text “Cortisone and ACTH”, a direction to a medicine “Grom", the dictionary articles “Adipsin”,“Alphaendorphin”, “Cyproterone Acetate”.

A passage from the book “A Farewell to Arms” by Ernest Hemingway has been selected for your additional reading at home.

The keys to the tasks provided for consolidation of the terms conclude the unit.

Anatomic Terms

Task 1. Pronounce and memorize the meaning of the following words and expressions:

internal (external) secretion [si(:)'kri:/(э)п] внутрішня (зовнішня) секреція

pituitary gland [pi'tju(:)it(3)ri glaend] придаток мозку (гіпофіз)

thyroid gland ['0ai(a)roid glaend] щитовидна залоза parathyroid gland [,раегз'ваі(з)гзк1 glaend] паращи- товидна залоза

adrenal gland [aed'n:nal glaend] надниркова залоза gonads [' gounaedz] гонади (статеві залози) ovaries ['ouvsnz] яєчники testes ['testi:z] яєчка

pineal gland ['p(a)in»l glaend] шишковидна залоза thymus gland ['Gaimss glaend] підгрудинна залоза

mammary gland ['maemari glaend] молочна залоза mucous gland ['mjukas glaend] слизова залоза salivary gland ['saelivan glaend] слинна залоза lacrymal gland ['laekrimal glaend] слізна залоза sweat glands [swet glaendz] потові залози to cause smth. спричиняти щось (якусь хворобу, тощо) to augment smth. збільшувати щось pregnancy-sustaining hormone гормон, що сприяє збереженню вагітності the body hardening загартування тіла luteotropic [,l(j)u:tiDu'tropik] що стосується жовтого тіла яєчника

to be decomposed by smth. розкладатися під дією чогось

oxidative processes окислювальні процеси

Task 2. Read and comprehend the text. Get ready to put questions upon the content and to narrate it:

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND ITS PHYSIOLOGY

The endocrine system regulates many and varied functions of an organism by means of specific chemical substances re­leased from glands into the bloodstream. The glands are located in different regions of the body. The chemical substances called hormones can change the status, structure of organs and tissues. Some hormones stimulate the growth of bones, the others can control metabolism within the cells of the body. There are glands of internal secretion (endocrine glands) and glands of external secretion (exocrine glands). The former secrete hormones directly into the blood stream and the latter into ducts which lead to the exterior of the body.

Pituitory gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads (ovaries and testes), pineal gland and thymus gland belong to endocrine glands. Mammary, mucous, salivary, lacrimal and sweat glands belong to exocrine ones. The pituitory (hypophysis) is rather a small gland which is composed of two lobes (anterior and posterior) adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis accordingly, located at the base of the brain. Adenohypophysis produces hormone called somatotropin (growth hormone) (STH), which stimulates protein synthesis in organs and tissues and causes growth. Secretion of growth hormone continues throughout the organism’s life. Overproduc­tion of somatotropin in childhood leads to gigantism and in

adult life it may cause acromegaly (enlarges fingers, toes, hands, feet, jaw, nose). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is also produced by adenohypophysis. This hormone (thyrotro­pin) stimulates the growth of the thyroid gland. Thyrotropin is secreted continuously in small amounts. With cooling of the body secretion of thyrotropin is encreased and heat pro­duction is raised. This phenomenon is very important in the body hardening as it means that the resistence of the body to cold can be encreased by training. Adenohypophysis is also responsible for producing adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH). They stimulate the growth of the adrenal cortex and activates hormone synthesis in them. Secretion of ACTH by the pituitary is augmented in stress. Anterior pituitary produces also the gonadotropic hormones. They stimulate the growth of eggs in the ovaries in the female. One of the hormones is called follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Another one, which induces the secretion of pregnancy-sustaining hormo­ne (progesterone) is called luteinizing hormone (LH). Luteo- tropic hormone (LTH) which augments production of milk in the mammary glands and the development of corpus luteum (cyclicum) is called luteotropin. It also belongs to the gona­dotropic hormones. In the male, gonadotropins influence the development of spermatozoa and testes. Luteotropic hormone (prolactin) is decomposed by the digestive enzymes and there­fore should be administered subcutaneously or intravenously.

The thyroid gland which is located on either side of the trachea below the thyroid cartilage is composed of a right and left lobe. The gland is richly supplied with blood and lympha­tic vessels. The hormone secreted by this gland is called thyro­xine. The characteristic action of the thyroid hormones is their effect on the energy metabolism. Besides, some of these hormones sharply activate oxidative process. Thyroxine intensi­fies the expenditure of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

Parathyroid glands are located on the dorsal side of the thyroid gland. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium level in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid.

Pancreas is located behind the stomach. It produces hor­mones which are called islets of Langerhans (after the scientist who discovered them). The hormones of pancreas are insulin and glucagon which regulate the due metabolism of sugars and starches in the body.

The adrenal glands which also are called the suprarenal glands are situated one on top of each kidney. They consist of two parts, the medulla and the cortex. The adrenal cortex produces the groups of hormones, such as mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones (androgens and oestrogens). The amount of mineral salts is regulated by mineralocorti- coids. The metabolism of sugars, fats and proteins within all body cells is influenced by the glucocorticoids. Androgens and oestreogens play an extremely important role in the de­velopment of the genitalia in childhood and later maintain the secondary sex characteristics and are necessary for repro­duction. The adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline (epineph­rine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). Adrenaline influences intracellular metabolism, intensifies and accelerates cardiac contraction. It also constricts the arterioles of the skin, the abdominal organs, delates bronchial tubes and stimulates the production glucose from a substance called glycogen. Noradre­naline stimulates uterine contraction and in man it encreases the peri pheral vascular resistance and systolic and diastolic pressure. Both adrenaline and noradrenaline raise blood pres­sure, increase heart-beat and respiration.

The pineal gland is located in the middle of the brain. This gland secretes melatonin which affects skin pigmentation (it causes the skin to turn a lighter colour). This gland is thought to work as a “biological clock” because exposure to light inhibits production of melatonin. Its function is obscure to some extent as some scientists state it.

The thymus gland is a ductless gland located in the mediasti­num behind the sternum and extends into the neck. It is large in childhood and it shrinks in size in adults. Some scientists believe that the thymus plays a certain role in the immune process in the body. The exact function of the gland is also rather uncertain.

Task 3. Study the following equivalents which will help you to understand some medical terms, anatomic including:

Greek	Latin	English	Ukrainian
crino-	separo, are; secerno, ere	to secrete	виділяти
thyro-	scutum, і n	shield	щит; щитовид­на (залоза)
horm-	stimulo, are	to stimulate	стимулювати
meta-	variatio, onis f	beyond	за межами
exo-	extra-	change; be­	за межами;
andro		yond	зміна
	vir, viri m	man	мужчина
para-	proxime	near	близько
pan-	omnis, e; totus, a, um	whole	весь

gonado	gigno, ere	to bear sex glands	породжувати
gone	gonas, gonades	seed; gene­ration	ПОКОЛІННЯ
thymo-	thymus (animus,	thymus	підгрудинна
	i m)	gland	залоза (душа)
-physis	cresco.ere	to grow	рости
somato­	corpus, oris m	body	тіло
tropin	nutrio, Ire	to nurish	годувати
proteo	albor, oris m;	protein	білок; перший
	pars prima	(first ingre­dient)	інгредієнт
gig(as)	gigas, gantis m	giant	велет; гігант
	(Acc. gigantem)	limbs
acro-	extremitas, atis f		кінцівка
-megaly	cresco, ere	to enlarge	збільшувати;
phenomen(on)			рости
	phantasma, atis n; evidentia, ae f	vision	явище
xantho	luteum, i n;	yellow	жовтий
	flavus, a, um
masto-	mamma, ae f	breast	молочна за­
		seed; sperma­tozoon	лоза; груди
spermo-	semen, inis		сім’я; насіння
zoo	animal, is n	animal	тварина
lacto-	lac, lactis n	milk	молоко
anthraco	carbo, onis m	coal	вугілля

Task 4. Support or challenge the following statements using expressions: 1. That’s right. Quite right. That’s just so. 2. No, that is wrong; That’s not true. Quite on the contrary. But they can ..., etc.:

1. The hormones cannot change the structure of organs and tissue. 2. The glands of internal secretion are called endocrine glands. 3. The pituitary and thyroid glands belong to exocrine glands. 4. The milk secreting gland is an exocrine gland called mammary. 5. Three pairs of glands in the mouth that secrete saliva are called lacrimal glands, aren’t they? 6. Lacrimal and sweat glands belong to endocrine glands, don’t they? 7. The pituitary is located at the base of the brain.

Task S. Find explanation in the text above. Choose the answers given below:

1. What does somatotropin stimulate? 2. Why is overpro­duction of somatotropin detrimental in childhood? 3. What may growth hormone cause in adult life? 4. What phenomenon is rather important in the body hardening? 5. What lobe of the pituitary gland is responsible for producing adrenocorticotro­pic hormones? 6. What hormone stimulates the production of milk? 7. What do gonadotropins influence in the male? 8. Why should prolactin be administered subcutaneously or intrave­nously? 9. Where is the thyroid gland located? 10. What does thyroxine intensify?

(a) because it leads to gigantism; b) with cooling of the body secretion of thyrotropin is encreased and heat produc­tion is raised; c) the development of testes and spermatozoa;

4. it may cause acromegalv; e) luteotropin; f) the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis); g) protein synthesis in organs and causes growth; h) on either side of trachea; i) the expenditure of carbohydrates fats and proteins; j) it is decomposed by the digestive enzymes)

Task 6. Find the English equivalents for the Latin words:

1. Glandula, ae f. 2. Sternum, i n. 3. Color, oris m. 4. Pres- sio, onis f. 5. Resistentia, ae f. 6. Uterus, i m. 7. Glucosum, i n. 8. Tuba, ae f. 9. Cellula, ae f. 10. Dorsalis, e. 11. Secretio, onis f.

(a — colour; b — resistence; c — glucose; d — tube; e — cell; f — dorsal; g — secretion; h — uterine; i — sternum (the breastbone); j — gland; k — pressure)

Task 7. Find the antonyms to these words:

1) different; 2) stimulate; 3) endocrine; 4) external; 5) ante­rior; 6) encrease; 7) richly; 8) dorsal; 9) contraction; 10) the former.

(a — exocrine; b — the latter; c — decrease; d — poorly; e - frontal; f — dilatation; g — posterior; h — internal; i — inhibit; j — similar)

Task 8. Answer the questions to the text. Choose the answers below:

1. By what means does the endocrine system regulate varied functions of an organism? 2. Where are the hormones re­leased from? 3. What can the hormones change in the human body? 4. What glands are of internal secretion? 5. What glands are exocrine ones? 6. What glands regulate calcium level in the blood? 7. Why do the hormones of pancreas play an important role in the function of human organism? 8. What is the function of a thymus gland?

(a) plays a certain role in immune process; b) regulate due metabolism of sugars and starches; c) parathyroid glands;

4. glands of internal secretion; e) the status, structure of organism; f) glands; g) hormones; h) glands of external secre­tion)

Clinical Terms

Task 9. Memorize the expressions to the article from “Newsweek” and get ready to discuss it using these ex­pressions:

the controversy centered around суперечність зводилася

ДО ...

to enhance aggressiveness збільшувати агресивність a competitive edge завзяття в змаганні to do considerable harm завдавати значної шкоди a few legitimate uses декілька допустимих у медичній практиці випадків вживання, передбачених законом to provide an extra boost for healing надавати додаткову підтримку організму для видужування to cause acne спричиняти появу вугрів nitrogen storage peters out запаси азоту вичерпуються a diminished count of smth. зменшена кількість чогось to be linked to smth. бути пов’язаним з чимось to cause enlargement of prostate gland спричиняти збіль­шення простати (передміхурової залози)

THE DANGERS OF STEROIDS

Most of the controversy at the just concluded Pan American Games centered around anabolic steroids — drugs that suppo­sedly build up muscle, restore energy after a workout and enhance aggressiveness. In fact, steroids probably do very little to give athletes a competitive edge — and actually may do considerable harm.

The drugs, which are sold under such trade names as Ana- var, Durabolin and Winstrol, have been available for many years. They are synthetic variations of the male hormone, testosterone. Like the natural hormone, the drugs are intended to help the body store nitrogen, which comes from meats and other protein foods, and manufacture muscle tissue. In medical practice, the steroids have only a few legitimate uses. They may be given to a debilitated patient following surgery to provide an extra boost for healing. The drugs may be useful in certain forms of anemia because they increase the produc­tion of red blood cells. And sometimes, they are prescribed to elderly women suffering from osteoporosis, a thinning out of bone that occurs with age.

For a women athlete, taking the anabolic steroids could lead to increased muscle development. At the same time, the drugs would very likely cause acne and the growth of facial hair. But there is no evidence, says Dr. Melvin Horwith, an endocrinologist at New York Hospital — Cornell Medical Cen­ter, that the drugs do anything for a normal male weightlifter or shot-putter. Their bodies are already storing nitrogen avid­ly,” he notes. "Look at their muscles. The drugs aren’t going to provide any considerable amount of buildup beyond that”. In addition, Horwith notes, the effects of steroids in nitrogen storage are only temporary. “After as little as a month”, he says, “nitrogen storage peters out.”

Sperm Count. The risk of taking anabolic steroids far outweights any benefit. By raising the level of male hormone in the blood, the drugs can cause the pituitary gland to stop stimulating the natural production of testosterone by the tes­ticles. The result could be atrophy of the testicles as well as a diminished sperm count. Steroids are metabolized by the liver and -have been linked to the development of liver tumors, or hepatomas. Testosterone, moreover, will cause enlargement of the prostate gland and stimulate the growth of prostate cancer if a tumor is already present. Finally, the steroids may be converted by the body’s chemistry into compounds similar to the female hormone, estrogen. In a male, this could lead to the growth of breast tissue.

Task 10. Answer the questions to the text. Choose the answers below:

1. What do steroids supposedly do and what do they really do? (Take into account the statement from the article). 2. What are synthetic variations of the male hormone intended to?

3. What are the legitimate uses of the steroids in medical practice? 4. Why does the article state that “the risk ... far outweighs any benefit”?

(a) to help the body store nitrogen; b) build up muscle, store and restore energy; c) because steroids cause atrophy of the testicles and diminished sperm count, hepatomas, growth of breast tissue in a male; d) to provide an extra boost for healing anemia and osteoporosis)

Task 11. Read the article from the “Times” and com­ment upon it using the expressions studied before and given below:

hormone replacement застосування замінників природних гормонів

oestrogen therapy лікування естрогенними препаратами to relieve the symptoms of the menopause полегшити ознаки менопаузи

to alleviate osteoporosis сповільнити процес остеопорозу

HORMONES ‘DOUBLE RISK OF STROKES’

Hormone replacement therapy for women after menopause may not be as safe as is usually supposed and could increase the risk of suffering a stroke, a conference in Tampa, Florida, has been told.

Dr. Peter Wilson, a leading American endocrinologist, told the annual conference of the Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiolo­gy Association that in a study of 1,232 women between the ages of SO and 83 those who had been prescribed oestrogen therapy faced double the risk of suffering a stroke.

He said: “According to our study, it appears that it is the healthier women who are prescribed oestrogen and that only after they have taken it do they develop their risk of cardio­vascular disease."

Hormone replacement therapy is used more extensively in the United States than in Britain. In the United States bet­ween 15 and 20 per cent of post-menopausal women are prescri­bed oestrogen at one time or another.

Apart from relieving the symptoms of the menopause oestro­gen in being prescribed to alleviate osteoporosis (thinning of the bones in older women).

Task 12. Give a summary of the article using the above given and the following expressions:

it may not be as safe as is supposed це може бути не так безпечно, як вважається to increase the risk of збільшувати ризик ... to suffer from a stroke страждати від серцевого нападу a leading endocrinologist провідний ендокринолог to face double the risk of suffering some disease стикатися з подвійним ризиком виникнення якоїсь хвороби only after somebody has taken smth. (some medicine), etc. тільки після того, як хтось прийме щось (якийсь лікарський препарат)

to develop the risk of smth. (some disease) набути ризику

виникнення чогось to use more extensively ширше застосовувати apart from doing something окрім проведення чогось

Task 13. Memorize the following terms which will help you to understand better the pathological conditions of the endocrine system. The equivalents which precede them will also come handy while deciphering and understanding some clinical terms:

Equivalents

Greek	Latin	English	Ukrainian
-porosis	porositas, atis f	being porous	шпаристий
acme-	summitas, atis f	summit	верхівка
acne	apex, apicis m	acne nitre	селітра
nitro-	nitrum, i n	nitration	нітрація
estro	oestrus, i m;	libido	потяг
	libido, inis f	estrum	(статевий)
meno-	mensis, is m	month, menses	місяць
(sym)ptom	signum, i n	sign	ознака
immuno-	immunis, e	protection	захист
myxo-	mucus, i m; mucilago, inis f	mucus	слиз
cache + echi	malus, a, um +	bad + habit	погана звичка
	concuetudo, inis f	wasting away	виснаження
dipso-	sitis, is f	thirsty	спрага

Terms

goiter - an enlargement because of swelling caused by di­sease of the thyroid gland, often visible in the lower part of the neck

hyperthyroidism (exophthalmatic goitre) — the excessive activity of the thyroid gland and the disorder resulting from this or from taking too much thyroid secretion, charac­terized by loss of weight, nervousness, a rapid pulse; (tachy­cardia) exophthalmos (protrusion of the eyeballs), diaphoresis (sweating)

myxedema — this disease occurs in adulthood and is caused by failure of the thyroid gland, when little thyroxine is produced. It is characterized by a drying and thickening of the skin because of collections of a mucus-like secretion and a slowing down of physical and mental activity

cretinism — a congenital deficiency and hypofunctioning of thyroid secretion with resulting physical deformity and mental development. Treatment consists of administration of thyroid hormone hypoparathyroidism — an insufficient production of parathy­roid hormone which causes hypocalcemia. It can lead to a tetany. Calcium is admistered for treatment to raise its amount in the blood Cushing’s disease — a disorder of the adrenal cortex caused by a benign or malignant adrenal cortex tumor which is characterized by the excessive secretion of glucocorticoids. It leads to obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and weakness

Addison’s disease — it is caused by failure of the adrenal glands (hypoadrenalism) when the amount of adrenal cortex hormones is not sufficient. This disease is characterized by weight loss, weakness, low blood pressure, brownish pig­mentation of the skin, hypoglycemia diabetes insipidus — a disorder caused by a pituitary defi- cience (neurohypophysis) as a result of which the kidneys do not reabsorb, needed water and salts. This disease is characterized by the heavy discharge of urine (polyuria) and intense thirst (polydipsia) dwarfism — condition in which growth has stopped before full size is reached. It is caused by hyposecretion of soma­totropin by adenohypohysis of the pituitary gland diabetes mellitus - a chronic form of diabetes involving an insulin deficiency because of hypofunctioning of the pan­creas. This disease is also characterized by excess of sugar in the urine, hunger, thirst and gradual loss of weight. Deficiency of insulin (hypoinsulinism) prevents sugar from leaving the blood (hyperglycemia). The patients become insulin-dependent and they are restricted to a special diet which is low in sugar ' hyperinsulinism — excessive secretion of insulin from the pancreas, resulting in hypoglycemia. The patients may lose consciousness, there may be convulsions and fainting.

Task 14. Use each of the expressions in bold type in the following sentences, illustrating another context in which it could be used:

1. Most of the controversy centered around anabolic ste­roids. 2. In fact steroids probably do very little to give athletes a competitive edge. 3. And sometimes steroids are prescribed to elderly women suffering from osteoporosis.

4. Nitrogen storage peters out. 5. The drugs aren’t going to provide any considerable amount of build-up. 6. The risk of taking anabolic steroids far outweights any benefit. 7. Hor­mone replacement therapy may not be as safe as is usually supposed. 8. Those who had been prescribed oestrogen thera­py faced double the risk of suffering a stroke. 9. Hormone replacement therapy is used more extensively in the United States than in Britain. 10. Apart from relieving the symp­toms of the menopause oestrogen is being prescribed to alle­viate osteoporosis.

Possible variants of sentences:

1. Sure enough, steroids provide an extra boost for healing a debilitated person. 2. The difficulty of the treatment of the patient and her disease centered around the exact diagnosis.

3. The harm of smoking far outweights any pleasure. 4. People who abuse of copious, savoury food face double the risk of developing hypertension. 5. In many cases antibiotics are prescribed to patients suffering from different inflammation.

6. Nowadays synthetic medicine is used more extensively than natural medicine from herbs, plants and animals. 7. Apart from being a skillful surgeon he is a good psycologist. 8. Drinking alcohol may not be as safe as it seems. 9. The vitaminpoor feed, doesn’t provide any considerable amount of energy and calories. 10. The patience and tolerance of a doctor towards a patient must never peter out.

Task IS. Find the English equivalents for the Latin terms:

1. Pulsus, us m. 2. Insuffientia, ae f. 3. Mucilago, inis f.

3. Obesitas, atis f. 5. Malignus, a, um. 6. Benignus, a, um.

6. Tetanus, і m. 8. Mens, mentis f. 9. Deformitas, atis f. 10. Collectio, onis f.

(a — mental; b — collection; c — deformity; d — insuffi­cient; e — mucus; f — tetanus; g — pulse; h — obesity; і — benign; j — malignant)

Task 16. Pick up the English equivalents for the words in brackets. Translate the following sentences:

1. (Лікування) of dwarfism consists of administration of somatotropin. 2. Acromegaly is (збільшення) of the extremi­ties. 3. Overproduction of glucocorticoids leads to (ожиріння).

3. (Дефіцит) of insulin prevents sugar from leaving the blood.

4. (Доброякісні) adenomas of the pituitary gland can pro­duce gigantism. 6. Clinical symptoms of diabetes insipidus (включають) polyuria and an excessive thirst. 7. Exophthalmia (зоб) is characterized by excessive secretion of thyroxine.

6. Treatment of Addison’s disease consists of (застосування) of cortisone and the regulation of salt intake. 9. Hyperin- sulinism may be caused by (пухлина підшлункової залози) or overdose of insulin. 10. Hyperfunction of (гіпофіз) after puberty causes acromegaly.

(a — the pituitary gland; b — benign; с — include; d - goitre; e - administration; f — a tumor of pancreas; g - deficiency; h — obesity; і — an enlargement; j — treatment)

Task 17. Give the proper terms for the definitions:

1. Inflammation of the thyroid gland. 2. Excessive thirst.

3. Emaciation, thinness, wasting away, a generally weakened condition of the body associated with a chronic illness. 4. A hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal gland that stimulates the heart, increases muscular strength and endu­rance, it is extracted from animal adrenals or prepared syntheti­cally for therapeutic use. 5. The tendency to maintain or the maintenance of normal internal stability (equilibrium) in an organism with respect to functions, fluids and times) by coordi­nated responses of an organ systems that automatically com­pensate for environmental changes. 6. An abnormal condition characterized by tetanic spasms of voluntary muscles, espe­cially in the extremities. 7. The presence of sugar in the urine, especially when a patient suffers from diabetes me- llitus.

Task 18. Build medical clinical terms. Choose term ele­ments from the list below. Give the definition of these terms:

1) hyper...ism; 2) ex...; 3) myx...; 4) ...thropy; 5) ...pause; 6) poly...; 7) thyr...; 8) ...crinology; 9) hypo...thyroidism; 10) osteo...; 11) cach...; 12) etio...; 13) hypo...emia; 14) ...cor- ticoids; 15) ...ism.

(a — ...porosis; b — ...exia; с — . .thyroid...; d — ...dip- sia; e — ...para...; f — ...calc...; g — dwarf...; h — gluco...; і — ...oxine; j — meno...; k - a...; 1 - ... ophthalmos; m - ...edema; n — ...logy; о — endo...)

Task 19. Read the definitions and fill in the blanks with the words given below:

1. Endo... is the branch of medicine dealing with the endo­crine glands and the internal secretion of the body. 2. Endo... is an instrument for examining visually the inside of hollow

organ of the body, as the bladder, etc. 3. Endo... is the inner lining of the uterus. 4. Endo ... is inflammation of the thin endothelian membrane lining the cavaties of the heart. 5. Endo... is use of a special often flexible instruments in medical exa­mination. 6. Endo... is the inner layer of cells of the embryo, from which is formed the lining of the digestive tract, of other internal organs, and of certain glands. 7. Endo... is an enzyme that functions within the cell. 8. Endo... is an abnor­mal condition when the endocrine glands fail to perform their function. 9. Endo... is a method of treatment which includes the use of some hormones. 10. Endo... is auscultation with the help of phonendoscope which is gently thrust into a stomach or an esophagus.

(a — ...scopy; b — ...derm (blast); c — ...enzyme; d — ...crinopathy; e — ...crinotherapy; f — ...metriumjg — ...met- ria; h — ...scope; i — ...auscultation; j — ...carditis)

Pharmaceutical Terms

T

English	Ukrainian
tongue	язик
skin	шкіра
vein	вена
work	робота
individual, own	власний; влас­
	тивий, харак­
	терний
illness	хвороба
inside	в; всередину
mimic, copy	уподібнення
tissue	тканина
work	робота
to kill	вбивати
feeling	почуття; від­
	чуття
stopping	припинення
controlling

Greek	Latin
glos-	lingua, ae f
dermo-	cutis, is f
phleb-	vena, ae f
ergo-	labor, oris m
idio-	proprius, a, um
craso-	morbus, i m
intra-	in
-mimetic	similitudo, inis f similitas, atis f
histio-	tela, ae /■; textum, i n
ergo-	labor, ôris m
-cidal	cedo, ere
-phoria	sensus, us m
-static	stupeo, ère Cf.: stupor, ôris m

ask 20. Study the following equivalents which will help you to understand pharmaceutical terms:

Task 21. Memorize the expressions to the text and get ready to discuss the text, using these expressions:

a new approach новий підхід; нове тлумачення remarkable recovery чудове (повне) видужування the dialy application щоденне застосування the administration застосування to produce a dramatic remission of the disease привести до значного зникнення проявів хвороби the duration of the illness тривалість хвороби muscular and articular stiffness м’язова та суглобова

Їмгід-ність (закляклість, негнучкість) oss of articular pain and tenderness зникнення болю в суглобах (від дотику чи при натисканні) joint swellings набрякання на місці суглобів due to smth. через щось gain in weight набирання ваги a sense of well-being відчуття благополуччя the sedimentation rate швидкість осідання еритроцитів (ШОЕ) cessation of treatment припинення лікування a relapce in smth. рецидив; повернення хвороби, болю тощо the deterioration [di.tians'rei/wn] погіршення the complications following administration ускладнення після застосування чогось

a slight hirsutism незначний гірсутизм (чоловічий тип волосяного покрову в жінок, що зумовлюється порушен­ням функції надниркових та статевих залоз) delayed healing of wounds несвоєчасне (затяжне) загою­вання ран

to produce a subhormonal phase спричинити такий стан, коли кількість виділених гормонів стане недостатньою a link in a chain of causation зв’язок в етіологічному ряду чинників

a group of mineralocorticoids група мінералокортикоїдів, гормонів кори надниркових залоз, які впливають на обмін речовин

to tend to produce smth. виявляти тенденцію спричиняти щось

to arise much confusion спровокувати непорозуміння (плутанину)

CORTISONE AND ACTH¹

A new approach to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis has come from the Mayo Clinic at Rochester. Remarkable recovery of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis has

been achieved by the daily application of cortisone (a hor­mone produced by the adrenal glands). The administration of this substance has produced a dramatic remission of the disease. The duration of the illness in patients who have been treated has varied from a few months to many years. Muscular and articular stiffness improved within 24 hours and this was followed by loss of articular pain and tenderness.

Joint swellings became less and 90 percent had disappeared within 7 — 10 days. Deformaties due to spasm were relieved. There was improvement in general health and strength, and the increased appetite accompanied by gain in weight was startling. A sense of well-being amounting to euphoria was experienced. The anaemia so commonly present and usually resistent to treatment was rapidly cured and finally the sedi­mentation rate became normal, this being the last sign of the disease to disappear. Within seven days of cessation of treatment there was, however, a relapse in the majority of cases, the deterioration amounting to about 70 percent of the gain. Using cortisone the complications following administration are oedema and rounding of the face, acne, slight hirsutism, osteoporosis and amenorrhea. Reports of delayed healing or even breaking down of wounds during treatment have been recorded and prolonged treatment may produce a temporary subhormonal phase on its withdrawal.

The discovery of the action of cortisone and ACTH has thrown light on at least a link in the chain of causation of, not only rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever and spondyli­tis, but also on other “stress" diseases such as essential hyperten­sion. It seems that certain diseases can be caused in susceptible subjects by many forms of stress acting through the hypophysis, anterior pituitary (ACTH) and adrenal cortex. Stimulation of the adrenal cortex by ACTH produces three types of hor­mones, the sex hormones, the electrolytic group of minera- locorticoids used in Addison’s disease and the glycocorticoids or carbohydrate group. It is to this latter group that cortisone belongs and it may be because of some antagonism between these various groups — the mineralocorticoids tending to cure it — that much of the confusion in experimental work with adrenal and pituitary extracts has arisen.

Note

‘ACTH — adrenocorticotrophic hormone [,aedri:n3 'koitiko'trafik 'ho:moun] produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Task 22. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words or expressions:

1. The administration of cortisone has produced .... 2. Stimu­lation of the adrenal cortex by ... produces three types of hormones. 3. ... became less. 4. The complications following the administration of cortisone are ... 5. Delayed healing or even breaking down of wounds during treatment... 6. Certain diseases can be caused ... by many forms of stress. 7. ... became normal. 8. A sense of well-being amounting to ... was experienced. 9. Remarkable recovery of patients suffering from ... has been achieved. 10. Muscular and ... improved within 24 hours.

(a — ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone); b - euphoria; c — the sedimentation rate; d — articular stiff­ness; e — oedema, acne, osteoporosis; f — in susceptible subjects; g - a dramatic remission of the disease; h - have been recorded; i — joint swellings; j — rheumatoid arthritis)

Task 23. You can’t deal with the directions to some medicines without knowing these pharmaceutical terms. Study and use' them in speech:

contraindications — inadvisable symptoms, drug action or factors which make the administration of medicine or particular treatment inadvisable idiosyncrasy — an individual reaction of a drug, food, etc.; a rare type of toxic effect that is different from the reaction of most people

parenteral administration - treatment with the medicine administered by injection into muscle, veins or skin avoiding the digestive tract side effect - a detrimental (harmful) effect which results from the use of a medicine synergism — the simultaneous action of separate ingredients (agencies of a medicine) which, together, have greater total effect than the sum of their individual effects. The com­bined or correlated action of different organs or parts of the body

sympathomimetic (adrenergic) agents - having an effect similar to that produced when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated. Medicines which mimic the action of sympathetic nerves (epinephrine, adrenaline). They stimu­late the amount of epinephrine, noradrenaline, increase heart rate, constrict blood vessels, dilate air passages

Task 24. Read a medicine direction and get ready to explain its indications, dosage and contraindications. Here comes the translation of some expressions to it:

highly purified без будь-яких домішок (добре очищений) radiologically standardized що відповідає стандартам стосовно радіологічних властивостей to induce retension of potassium and phosphorus стимулює накопичення калію і фосфору patients with short stature низькорослі пацієнти

GRORM

Human Growth Hormone

Characteristics and Actions. Grorm contains growth hor­mone of human origin (Human Growth Hormone, hGH, or somatotropin), highly purified free of pyrogens and biologi­cally and radioimmunologically standardized. The human growth hormone increases protein synthesis, influences the metabolism of carbohydrates, the metabolization of fats, it also influences the balance of minerals, including a retension of potassium and phosphorus and an increase in excretion of calcium ions. The treatment of patients with short stature with GRORM, in adequate doses and for a sufficiently pro­longed period, induces an increase in growth rate. As GRORM contains human growth hormone of a high degree of purity, the formation of neutralizing antibodies is very unusual. Indications. Short stature due to pituitary insufficiency. Dosage. Dosage should be individualized. Generally, a week­ly dose of at least 0.5 I.U. (International Unit) per kg of body weight is suggested. As a practical therapeutic schedule, it is recommended that the treatment be initiated by a weekly dose of 6. I.U. subdivided into three administrations. If, after 6 months of treatment, the growth rate appears inade­quate, the dosage may be increased to 12. I.U. or more per week.

Contraindications. Diabetes mellitus may be considered a relative contraindication.

Warning. At the beginning of the treatment, anorexia and oliguria may be observed: these symptoms generally disappear within a few days after onset of treatment.

How Supplied. GRORM, in lyophilized powder form, is available in vials.

Packaging. With each vial an ampule containing 2 ml of saline is added.

Stability and Storage. GRORM in lyophilized form is stable for at least 2 years, when stored at 2* to 8*C.

Produced in Switzerland.

Task 25. Read the dictionary article and get ready to answer the questions:

Adipsin

(from LRONW)

An enzyme present in fatty tissue which appears to have a role in preventing obesity.

Research on mice and rats has revealed an enzyme known as adipsin, a shortage of which could cause obesity. Adipsin, which carves up pro­teins, should provide many clues to the way fat cells function

Adipsin is a recent discovery of researchers at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School. The name is based on the term adipose tissue.

l.What is adipsin? 2. What could adipsin cause as a research revealed? 3. Where was adipsin discovered?

Task 26. Read the dictionary article and find out the description of the pituitary hormone and the effects it has in animals during experiments:

Alphaendorphin

(from SBD)

Alphaendorphin is a pain-suppressing hormone produced in the pituitary gland.

Roger Guillcmin of the Salk Institute went on to isolate two other peptides, as well as bcta-cndorphin itself, from a mixture of hypothala­mus and pituitary tissue from pigs. One of them, named alpha-endorphin has a sequence corresponding to amino acids ...

Task 27. Read the dictionary article and speak up on the indications of the hormone described:

Cyproterone Acetate

(from SBD)

Cyproterone acetate is a drug which suppresses the hor­mone testosterone, used to control sexual hyperactivity in males.

Cyproteronc acctatc was used to treat female patients suffering from severe premenstrual tension, depression and irritability. Daily dosages of the hormone were administered beginning seven days before the onset of menstruation A marked improvement was noted in 80 per cent of the women.

Task 28. Choose the proper terms for the definitions:

l.An authoritative book containing a list and description of medicines, medicinal products, together with the standards established under law for their production, use, etc. 2. Located or injected within the substance of a muscle. 3. One of the ways of taking medicine which requires swallowing. 4. Agents which increase the functions of any organ or system. 5. Agents which decrease the functioning of an organ or system. 6. Chemi­cal normally released by the adrenal glands and endings of sympathetic nerves. 7. The passing of nutrient material into the blood stream or lymph. 8. The natural or developed ability to endure or resist the harmful effects of the continued or increasing use of a medicine, etc.

(a — tolerance; b — pharmacopeia; с — absorption; d — depressants; e — stimulants; f — epinephrine; g — oral; h — intramuscular)

Task 29. Read the text which is suggested for your home-reading and pass your judgement upon the situation depicted:

A FAREWELL TO ARMS by E. Hemingway

(an extract)

... three doctors came into the room. I have noticed that doctors who fail in the practice of medicine have the tendency to seek one another’s company and aid in consultation. A doctor who cannot take out your appendix proverly will reco­mend to you a doctor who will be unable to remove your tonsils with success. These were three such doctors.

“This is the young man,” said the house doctor with the delicate hands.

“How do you do?” said the tall gaunt doctor with the beard. The third doctor, who carried the X-ray plates in their red envelopes, said nothing.

“Remove the dressings?" questioned the bearded doctor.

"Certainly. Remove the dressings, please, nurse” the house doctor said to Miss Gage. Miss Gage removed the dressings. I

looked down at the legs. At the field hospital they had the look of not too freshly ground hamburger steak. Now they were crusted and the knee was swollen and discoloured, and the calf sunken, but there was no pus.

“Very clean," said the house doctor. Very clean and nice.”

“Um,” said the doctor with the beard. The third doctor looked over the house doctor’s shoulder.

“Please move the knee,” said the bearded doctor.

“I can’t.”

“Test the articulation?” the bearded doctor questioned. He had a stripe beside the three stars on his sleeve. That meant he was a first captain.

“Certainly,” the house doctor said. Two of them took hold of my right leg very gingerly and bent it.

“That hurts,” I said.

“Yes, yes. A little further, doctor.”

“That’s enough. That’s as far as it goes,” 1 said.

“Partial articulation,” said the first captain. He straighte­ned up. “May I see the plates again, please, doctor?” The third doctor handed him one of the plates. "No. The left leg, please."

“That is the left leg, doctor. ”

"You are right. I was looking from a different angle.” He returned the plate. The other plate he examined for some time. “You see, doctor? He pointed to one of the foreign bodies which showed spherical and clear against the light. They examined the plate for some time.

“Only one thing I can say,” the first captain with the beard said. “It is a question of time. Three months, six months probably.”

“Certainly the synoveal fluid must reform."

“Certainly. It is a question of time. I could not con- scientiuosly open a knee like that before the projectile was encysted.”

“I agree with you, doctor.”

“Six months for the projectiles to encyst before the knee can be opened safely.”

“I don’t believe it," I said.

“Do you want to keep your knee, young man?”

"No," I said.

“What?”

“I want it cut off," I said, “so I can wear a hook on it.”

“What do you mean? A hook?”

"He is joking, “ said the house doctor. He patted my shoulder very delicately. “He wants to keep his knee. This is a very brave young man. He has been proposed for the silver medal of valour.”

“All my felicitations,” said the first captain. He shook my hand. I can only say that to be on the safe side you should wait at least six months before opening such a knee. You are welcome of course to another opinion.”

“Thank you very much,” I said. “I value your opinion." The first captain looked at his watch.

“We must go,” he said. “All my best wishes and many thanks,” I said. I shook hands with the third doctor, Captain Varini — Tenente Enry, and they all three went out of the room.

“Miss Gage,” I called. She came in. “Please ask the house doctor to come back a minute. ”

He came in holding his cap and stood by the bed. “Did you wish to see me?”

“Yes; I can’t wait six months to be operated on. My god, doctor, did you ever stay in bed for six months?”

“You wan’t be in bed all the time. You must first have the wounds exposed to the sun. Then afterwards you can be on crutches.”

“For six months and then have an operation?”

“That is the safe way. The foreign bodies must be allowed to encyst and the synoveal fluid will re-form. Then it will be safe to open up the knee.”

“Do you really think yourself I will have to wait that long?”

“That is the safe way.”

“Who it that first captain?”

“He is a very excellent surgeon of Milan.”

“He’s a first captain, isn’t he?”

“Yes, but he is an excellent surgeon.”

“I don’t want my leg fooled with by a first captain. If he was any good he would be made a major. I know what a first captain is, doctor.”

“He is an excellent surgeon and I would rather have his judgement than any surgeon I know.”

“Could another surgeon see it?”

“Certainly, if you wish. But I would take Dr. Varella’s opinion myself.”

“Could you ask another surgeon to come and see it?”

“I will ask Valentini to come.” ...

... Two hours later Dr Valentini came into the room. He was in a great hurry and the points of his moustaches stood straight up. He was a major, his face was tanned and he laught all the time.

“How did you do it, this rotten thing?” he asked. “Let me see the plates. Yes. Yes. That’s it. You look healthy as a goat. Who’s the pretty girl? Is she your girl? I thought so. Isn’t this a bloody war? How does that feel? You are a fine boy. I'll make you better than new. Does that hurt? You bet it hurts. How they love to hurt you these doctors. What have they done for you so far? Can’t that girl talk Italian? She should learn. What a lovely girl. I could teach her. I will be a patient here myself. No, but I will do all your maternity work free. Does she understand that? She will make you a fine boy. A fine blonde like she is. That’s fine. That’s all right. What a lovely girl. Ask her if she eats supper with me. No, I won’t take her away from you. Thank you very much, miss. That's all.”

“That’s all I want to know." He patted me on the shoul­der. “Leave the dressings off."

“Will you have a drink, Dr Valentini?”

“A drink? Certainly. 1 will have ten drinks. Where are they?”

“In the armoire. Miss Barkley will get the bottle.” “Cherry oh. Cherry oh. Cherry oh to you, miss. What a lovely girl. I will bring you better cognak than that.” He wiped his moustache.

“When do you think it can be operated on?”

“Tomorrow morning. Not before. Your stomach must be emptied. You must be washed out. I will see the old lady downstairs and leave instructions. Good-bye. I see you tomor­row. I’ll bring you better cognac than that. You are very comfortable here. Good-bye. Until tomorrow. Get a good sleep. I’ll see you early.” He waved from the doorway, his moustaches went straight up, his brown face was smiling. There was a star in a box on his sleeve because he was a major."

Kays

Task 4. 1 - 2; 2 - 1; 3 - 2; 4 - I; 5 - 2 (salivery); 6 - 2; 7 - 1.

Task S. 1 — g; 2 — a; 3 — d; 4 — b; 5 — f; 6 - c; 7 - c; 8 - j;

9 — h; 10 - i.

Task 6. 1 — j; 2 — i; 3 — a; 4 - k; 5 - b; 6 - h; 7 - c; 8 — d;

9 - e; 10 - f; 11 - g.

Task 7. 1 — j; 2 — i; 3 — a; 4 - h; 5 — g; 6 - c; 7 - d; 8 - c;

9. - f; 10 - b.

Task 8. 1 - g; 2 — f; 3 - e; 4 — d; S - h; 6 - c; 7 — b; 8 - a. Task 10. 1 - b; 2 - a; 3 - d; 4 - c

Task 14.

1

_

2;

2 - 1, 3 - 5; 4

- 10; 5 -

9;

6

—

3;

7 - 8; 8

_

4;

9

-

6. 10 - 7.

Task IS.

1

_

g;

2 - d; 3 - e; 4

— h: 5 — j; 6

_

i;

7

— f; 8 —

a;

9

-

c;

to - b

Task 16.

1

—

j;

2 - i; 3 - h; 4

- g: 5 - b;

6

—

c;

7

— d: 8 —

c;

9

—

f;

tO - a.

Task 18.

1

_

c;

2 - 1; 3 - m; 4

— k; 5 — j;

6

d;

7

- i; 8 -

o;

9

—

c;

10 - a; tl - b;

12 - n; 13

-

f;

14

- h; 15 —

g

Task 19. t

_

f;

2 - h; 3 - g; 4

— j, 5 — a;

6

_

b;

7

— c; 8 —

d;

9

-

c;

10 - i

Task 22.

1

_

fi; 2 — a; 3 — i. 4

- c, 5 - h;

6

_

f; 7

— c; 8 —

b;

9

-

j:

10 - g

Task 28.

t

-

b;

2 - h; 3 - g; 4

— e; 5 — d;

; 6

-

f;

7

- c; 8 -

a.

UNIT SEVEN

URINARY SYSTEM

In this unit you’ll find many expressions and new terms which will help you to cope with special texts on medicine.

Anatomic terms are being explained before the text “Anatomy and Functions of Urinary System” and in most of the tasks written for the very purpose.

The clinical terms have been chosen from among the articles in the “Herald Tribune", “U.S. News and World Report” and some other sources. Additional tasks help to decipher many of the terms in point.

The pharmaceutical terms were selected from different medical magazines and dictionaries.

A passage from the book "The Razor’s Edge” by W. Somer­set Maugham has been provided as a sample for your additio­nal reading on the theme under review.

The answers to the tasks conclude the unit.

Anatomic Terms

Task 1. Pronounce, memorize the words and expressions which will help you to better understand the below given text:

urea ['juana] сечовина nitrogen ['naitndjsn] азот ureter [jua'rirta] сечівник urethra [jua'riiQra] уретра urine ['jusrm] сеча bladder ['blaeda] сечовий міхур kidney ['kidni] нирка

bean-shaped ['bi:n'/eipt] квасолеподібний adipose tissue ['aedipous 'tisju: ] жирова тканина abdominal cavity [aeb'dominl 'kaeviti] черевна порожнина outer cortex part ['kotteks] зовнішня частина кори ammonia [d'mounja] аміак renal ducts сечівники

inner medulla part [ma'dkls] внутрішній мозковий шар нирки

tiny tubules [4ju:bju:lz] крихітні канали

to ensure smth. забезпечити щось

depending on smth. залежно від чогось

biliary bilirubin ['biljari bili'ru:bin] жовчний пігмент,

визначення якого в крові і сечі має діагностичне

значення; білірубін

diuresis [,daijua 'ri:sis] діурез (виділення сечі) urobilin [ Juaro(u)'bilm] один із жовчних пігментів, який утворюється в кишечнику внаслідок відновлення білірубіну; уробілін

urochrome [ Juaro(u)'kraum] урохром (пігмент сечі) renal pelvis ['гі:п(з)1 'pelvis] ниркова миска baroreceptors [,baer3n'septaz] чутливі нервові закінчення в кровоносних судинах, які сприймають зміну тиску; барорецептори

ureteral lumen ['l(j)u:man] порожнина (просвіт) трубчастого органа

micturition [_/nuktju(:)'nj(a)n] сечовипускання

Task 2. Read the text and get ready to speak about urinary system:

ANATOMY AND FUNCTIONS OF URINARY SYSTEM

The main function of the urinary system is to excrete, which is nitrogen-containing waste-product of protein metabolism. Urea is formed in the liver from ammonia, which is derived from the breakdown of amino acids (simple proteins) in the body cells. The urea is carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys.

The urinary system includes the kidneys, right and left; the ureters (renal ducts) (muscular tubes from each kidney lined with mucous membrane, which convey urine to the urinary bladder); the urinary bladder which is a hollow muscular sac; for temporary collection of urine and the urethra which is a tube through which urine is discharged from the urinaiy bladder and passed out of the body.

The kidneys are bean-shaped organs embedded in a cushion of adipose tissue and located behind the abdominal cavity. They consist of an outer cortex part and an inner medullar part. The kidneys can be compared with the filters because they perform the filtration of waste products from the blood. These waste products are brought to the kidneys via the renal arteries which branch into the kidneys and are rather short and thick.

The process of filtration and formation of urine takes place within the tiny tubules of the kidney. Besides, renal functions include participation in the control of: volume of blood and other fluids of the body; protein, lipid and carbohydrate me­tabolism; arterial pressure; erythropoesis; coagulation of blood and some more functions. Thus, the kidney is an organ that participates in ensuring the constancy of the main physico­chemical constants of the blood and other fluids within the body and contributes to the regulation of metabolism of various organic substances. Depending on the water balance in the organism, the kidneys produce diluted and concentrated urine. The urine may contain many substances found in the blood plasma, as well as some compounds synthesized in the kidney itself.

The volume of urine discharge by a healthy individual may vary widely and depends on the condition of water balance. The colour of the urine depends on the diuresis and the excre­tion of pigments; it changes from light yellow to orange. The pigments form from biliary bilirubin in the intestine where it is converted to urobilin and urochrome which are partly absor­bed in the intestine and excreted by the kidneys. Some of the urinar^ pigments are products of haemoglobin breakdown oxi­dized in the kidney. Urine formed in the renal tubules passes into the renal pelvis and fills it gradually. When the filling threshold is reached, the signal of which is given by the baroreceptors the pelvis muscles contract, the ureteral lumen opens and the urine flows into the urinary bladder. With the gradual' increase of the volume of urine the walls of the bladder are stretched. In the initial stage of filling the tension of the walls does not change, and pressure in the bladder does not grow. When the volume of the urine reaches a definite level, tension of the smooth-muscle walls of the bladder in­creases sharply, the pressure of fluid in its cavity rises, and the complex reflex act of micturition occurs. Movement of urine along the urethra plays an important role in the act of micturition as it stimulates contraction of the bladder by reflex.

Task 3. You can’t do without these terms while dealing with the texts about urinary system. Study their meaning and get ready to use them in speech:

uric acid ['juank 'aesid] — a white odorless crystalline nitroge­nous substance found in (excreted in) urine suppuration [,SApju(3)'rei/(a)n] - formation or discharge of

pus

retention [пЧеп/(э)п] — holding back, the retaining within the body of matter normally excreted (urine; retention is the inability of the urinary bladder to expel urine) renin ['renin] — a substance formed in the kidney which contracts blood vessels and encreases blood pressure ketone bodies (Calcium + acetone) — breakdown products including acetone which are the result of fat metabolism enuresis [,enju:'ri:sis] — inability to hold back urine, to control urination; involuntary bed-wetting dialysis [dai'aelisis] — artificial filtration of waste materials from the blood by the greater diffusibility of the smaller molecules through a special membrane used during kidney failure

createnine ['kri:3tanain] — a nitrogen compound found in blood muscle and especially urine, where measurement of its excretion is used to evaluate kidney function specific gravity¹ —the specific gravity of urine reflects the amount of wastes, minerals and solids in the urine

Task 4. Memorize the equivalents to better understand medical terms to the theme considerated:

Greek Latin English Ukrainian

pyelo pelvis, is f renal pelvis таз; мисочка

АНАТОМІЧНА.КПІНІЧНА І ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧНА ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЯ 4

КИЇВ. Лі і і -ВИЩА ШКОЛА- : 1998 24

UNIT ONE 35

Diacerhein 49

Amelia 49

Muscle Pill 50

Anectine 50

Arthrotropic 50

:■ //ш 52

UNIT TWO 56

Echocardiogram 61

Thrombosthenin 61

Spectrin 61

Neovascularization 62

Microwave Sickness 68

Von Willebrand's Disease 68

Bufdlin 71

Bufadienolide 71

Practolol 71

Anturane 71

Sulfinpyrazone 72

Thromboxane 72

UNIT THREE 78

Graze 81

Dietary Fiber 81

UNIT FOUR 96

UNIT FIVE 112

UNIT SIX 140

Lasertripsy 172

Anturane 179

Laetrile 180

Keys 183

Vasoligate 194

Vacuum Aspiration 194

Suction Method 194

Lunchtime Abortion 194

Menstrual extraction 194

Tylectomy 195

Doxycycline 197

Bromocriptine 197

Dihydrotestosterone 197

Task S. Choose the proper terms for the definitions and statements:

1. An examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements. 2. It may be caused by infection of the kidney, pyelonephritis, cystitis or stone in the kidney or bladder.

3. They are quite dangerous if they accumulate in the body.

4. It is a symptom of diabetes mellitus. 5. Materials which are thrown off into the urine in kidney disease are of different (pus, waxy, blood, fatty, etc.) origines and types. They are called ... 6. It is not normally found in the urine. 7. Cuplike divisions of the renal pelvis are called ... 8. Another important function of the ... besides removing urea from the blood is to maintain the proper balance of water, salts and acids in the body fluids. 9. Tube for giving and withdrawing fluids. 10. A protein found in the blood.

'specific gravity питома вага

(а — ketone bodies; b — casts; с — sugar; d — calyces; e — pyuria; f — urinalysis; g — acetonuria; h — catheter; і — albuminuria; j - kidneys)

Task 6. Choose the answers to the questions:

1. What is the main function of the urinary system? 2. Why does the body excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of a soluble (dissolved in water) waste substance called urea? 3. Why can the kidneys be compared with the filters? 4. What does the production of diluted or concentrated urine depend upon?

3. What is urinalysis (urine test) necessary for? 6. Why are ketone bodies quite dangerous if they accumulate in the body? 7. What does urinary bladder serve as? 8. What does renin stimulate? 9. Why is the specific gravity of urine low in kidney disease such as nephritis? 10. For what purpose are the kidneys in a cushion of adipose tissue?

(a — water balance; b — for determining the presence of abnormal elements; с — because water is unable to be reabsorbed by the tubules and this dilutes the wastes and minerals in the urine; d — for protection; e — because protein foods contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements and the waste that is produced and cannot be excreted from the body simply by exhalation; f — as a temporary reservoir for urine; g — it stimulates the contraction of arterioles so that blood pressure is increased and blood flow in the kidneys is restored to normal; h — because their presence can increase the acidity of the blood, coma, unconsciousness may follow and a patient can die; і — because they perform the filtration if waste products from the blood; j — to remove urea from the bloodstream so that it does not accumulate in the body and become toxic)

Clinical Terms

Task 7. Study the following expressions to the article from “Herald Tribune”:

to use high-energy shock waves використати ударні хвилі струму

to remove kidney stones видалити ниркові конкременти

to reduce the recovery period зменшиш період видужування

excruciating pain нестерпний біль

to do away with smth. покінчити з чимось

to inject a chemical dye впорскнути хімічний барвник

to insert a tube (a wire) into the kidney вставити

трубочку (дріт) у нирку

to pulverize stones подрібнювати конкременти a suction device пристрій для всмоктування дрібних конкрементів

KIDNEY STONES: 2 NEW TREATMENTS

West German doctors developed two new techniques, one using high-energy shock waves, to remove kidney stones much less painfully and without the customary major surgery.

The techniques also promise to reduce by several weeks the recovery period for tens of thousands of patients. In one of the new methods, the kidney stone is extracted directly through the skin, but the patient still must undergo general anesthesia. The other methods, generally painless, involves no surgery at all. It relies on the delivery of high-energy electric shock waves monitored by X-rays.

The overwhelming majority of kidney stones pass out of the body on their own, often accompanied by excruciating pain. Surgery is necessary in about 20 per cent of kidney stone cases. In the operation that has been used for decades, the surgeon cuts through layers of tissue to reach the kidney in the lower back, then is able to reach into the organ to remove the stone by hand and with forcepts. Patients usually stay in the hospital for one or two weeks, and are limited in the amount of physical activity and work they can undertake for another four or five weeks.

In most cases the new techniques should do away with this major operation. But people who develop one kidney stone often develop another, and neither technique prevents the formation of new stones.

Doctors first injects a chemical dye to outline the kidneys in X-rays. Then they insert a wire, much like a needle, into the kidney. This part of procedure requires no anesthesia. The next day, the surgeon uses the wire as a guide to insert a tube into the kidney. The tube, which contains instruments and fiberop- tical devices, anables doctors to see the kidney both directly and on a television screen. Depending on the circumstances in each case, the doctors can then remove the stone under direct vision or they can pulverize it by sending ultrasound through the tube. The small pebbles are then removed with a suction device. This procedure usually takes no more than 90 minutes and patient’s hospital stays have averaged only four days. The technique was successful in 104 of 109 cases.

The second technique was developed in Munich. After a local anesthetic is injected into his back, the patient sits in a

, tank filled with water in such a position that the kidney stone is at the focal point of a shockwave generator. Then from 500 to 1,500 shocks are given to destroy the stone.

The timing of the shocks is coordinated with an electrocar­diogram to prevent cardiac arrest. The number of shocks gene­rally depends on the size of the stone. Within two days after the treatment, the patient passes the pulverized stones in his urine.

The stones were entirely removed in 90 percent of the patients. Pieces of stone were left in 9 percent and surgery had to be done in 1 percent.

Task 8. Read the statements to the article above and either support or challenge them by putting plus and mi­nus signs. Check your answers with the key provided at the end of the chapter:

1. A new technique uses high energy shock waves to remo­ve kidney stones. 2. The recovery period will be prolongated because of the new techniques. 3. The patient has not to undergo general anesthesia when the kidney stone is extracted through the skin. 4. One of the technique prevents the forma­tion of new stones. 5. A chemical dye is injected to outline the kidneys in X-ray. 6. The tube inserted into the kidney does not enable doctors to see the kidney directly and on a television screen. 7. The timing of the shocks is not coordi­nated with an electrocardiogram.

Task 9. Read the definition of the term “lasertripsy” from the Longman Dictionary article and: 1) explain a technique for eliminating stones in the kidney; 2) prove that lithotripsy is a noninvasive method; 3) explain the etymology of this term:

Lasertripsy

A technique for eliminating stones in the bladder, kidney, etc in which laser pulses tuned to the specific wavelength of the stone are fired at it and shatter it.

Hope is at hand for people afflicted with kidney stones. Using a technique called lasertripsy, even stones impacted in walls of the ureter, or kidney tube, may be removed without the need for major surgery or a general anesthetic.

The word is based on lithotripsy (or more usually lithotrity), the term for the process of crushing stones in the bladder in order to eliminate them. Operations of this type have been performed since the early 19th

century, but it was not until the early 1980s that a noninvasive method was devised. In this, the high-energy sound waves arc fired at the stones through a water-filled bag laid against the patient's back, breaking them up. Lasertripsy has refined the technique even further by using lasers to produce the snock waves.

Task 10. Study pathological terminology and get ready to build medical terms:

hypernephroma — renal malevolent tumour of the kidneys which occurs in adults. It usually metastasizes to the bone, blood and lungs glomerulonephritis — inflammation of the kidneys, primari­ly involving the glomerula; this disease causes destruction of glomerular capillary walls; the complications are renal failure, retention of urea in the bloodstream (uremia) hydronephrosis — enlargement and distention (swelling) of the kidney due to block of urine outflow, caused by renal calculi, tumors, hypertrophy of prostata or narrowing (struc­ture) of the ureters pyelitis — inflammation of a kidney pelvis nephrolithiasis — the formation of renal calculi (stones) in the renal pelvis, which is followed by obstruction of the kidney, ureter, or bladder pyelonephritis — bacterial infection of one or both kidneys usually involving both the pelvis and the functional tissue. Pyuria is found in urinalyses polycystic kidney — the formation of numerous fluidfilled sacs upon and within the kidney gout — a disease resulting from a disturbance of uric acid metabolism, characterized by an excess of uric acid in the blood and deposits of uric acid salts in various tissues, esp. in the joints of the feet and hands: it causes swelling and severe pain, notably in the big toe.

Task 11. Choose the proper terms for the definitions. Consult the key for varifying your answer:

1) displacement of the kidney; 2) necrosis (death) of the cortex region in both kidneys; 3) excessive development, or growth of the kidney(s); 4) the presence of protein (albumin) in urea; 5) stones in kidney(s); 6) blood in the urine; 7) dilatation of the calices of the renal pelvis; 8) a method of removing the toxic materials from the blood in case the kidneys fail to per­form their function; 9) abnormal (small amount) of urine flow.

(a — dialysis; b — oliguria; c — caliectasis; d — renal calculi; e — uremia; f — renal ectopia; g — bilateral cortical renal necrosis; h — renal hyperplasia; i — albuminuria)

Task 12. Read the article from “U.S. News and World Report" and get ready to inform the students what it deals with:

KIDNEYS

Bulky dialysis machines, which asume the kidney’s function of blood cleansing with the help of a chemical solution and a filtering membrane are shrinking in size.

At the University of Utah, a wearable artificial kidney has been developed. An 8-pound, battery-powered unit strapped to the front of the body and periodically refilled with dialysis fluid from a portable 20-quart tank. It already is being used with success on a trial basis by about 100 patients yearly. Another kidney replacement system, is being used by about 5,000 patients in this country for dialysis at home, in rest rooms, in parks and even in cars. With a portable sack, the patient periodically pours a cleansing solution in and out of his abdomen through a surgically attached tube. Looking even further ahead, Dr. Eli Friedman of the Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn says that “by the turn of the century, we may be able to use bacteria to convert nitrogen wastes into usable nutrients inside the patient’s intestinal tract, complete­ly substituting for the kidneys’ blood-cleansing function.”

Task 13. Choose the proper variant of words and phra­ses out of the two given below to complete the sentences. Check your answer with the key at the end of the unit:

1. The size of dialysis machines becomes ... . 2. A wearable artificial kidney is being used .... 3. A kidney replacement sys­tem is being used for... . 4. A patient pours a cleansing solution through ... .5. Bacteria may convert nitrogen wastes into ....

(1) a — larger; b — smaller; 2) a — successfully; b - without avail; 3) a — dialysis at the hospital; b — dialysis at home; 4) a — a surgically fixed tube; b — a flexible tube;

5. a — components which will be digested; b — components which will be detrimental for human health)

Task 14. You can’t do without these equivalents while studying clinical terms on the unit “Urinary system’’. Re­tain them in your memory:

Greek Latin English Ukrainian

adipo adeps.adipis m fat жир

epinephr- adrenal- adrenal (glands) наднирковий

-carcin cancer, cri m cancer рак

ectasis	dilatatio, onis f	stretching;	розширення
		dilatation
sphere	glomerosus,	glomerate	куля; кулько-
	a, um		подібний
gluco	dulcis, e	sweet, sugar	солодкий; цу­
			кор
pexy	fixio, ônis f	fixation	закріплення;
			фіксація
-ptosis	cadent io, ônis f	drooping	опущення;
		prolapse	спадаючий
scirrho	durus, a, um	hard	твердий

Task IS. Read the article from the “U.S. News and World Report" and mark the statements after it with the ••+” or ” signs:

TREATING KIDNEY CANCER

Injections of interferon, a substance produced by the body, sometimes shrink the tumors of kidney cancer, a disease unit until now considered almost incurable.

Medical researchers at the M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute in Houston injected interferon into 19 kid- ney-cancer patients whose disease has spread to other parts of their bodies as well, according to a report in Cancer Research.

Result: In five of the patients, tumors shrank 50 percent or more; in two patients, between 25 and 50 percent. The disease stabilized for two months in one patient and for six months in another, and three persons showed mix results, with some shrinkage and some growth of tumors. Seven parti­cipants were not helped.

Interferon has also been used experimentally against other kinds of cancer, with inconclusive results.

Statements: 1. Injections of interferon give sometimes a positive effect in curing kidney-cancer patients. 2. Interferon was injected to 19 kidney-cancer patients whose tumors had not metastasized to other parts of their bodies. 3. Out of nineteen participants only seven were helped. 4. The results of experiments in which interferon has been used against other kinds of cancer were conclusive.

Task 16. Here is a dictionary article taken from SBD on the theme studied. Read it and tell your groupmates what the abbreviation BUN means:

BUN, abbreviation of blood urea nitrogen (nitrogen in the form of urea found in the blood).

In principle, an artificial kidney is simply a device that leads the blood outside the body and past a cellophanelike membrane. On the other side of the membrane is a briny solution resem­bling blood — clean blood. Impelled by osmotic pressure, ex­cess water, BUN, sodium, potassium and other wastes sneak through the membrane from the blood into the briny solution. Thus purified, the blood then flows back into the body.

Task 17. Read the article from the journal “Likarska Sprava”. It can hardly be called an article but rather a short summary of the article but nevertheless, you’ll find here some interesting facts concerning with the research work of specialists from Donetsk. Pick up the possible answers to the questions below and check them with the key at the end of the unit seven:

FEATURES OF CYLINDRURIA IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

Qualitative and quantitative indices of cylindruria were studied in 325 patients aged from 15 to 64 with various morphological forms of chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). In 237 of them function of kidneys was unchanged while remaining 88 patients revealed various degrees of chronic renal failure (CRF). Parameters of cylindruria in patients with CGR varied widely, significant correlation having been established between presence of erythrocytic cylinders in urinary residue and degree of haematuria. Large granular cylinders were observed in patients with severe and moderate CRF as distinct from patients with normal renal function and initial stage of renal insufficiency.

Questions to be answered:

1. What aspect of urine analysis is considered in the article?

2. What diagnosis had the patients aged from 15 to 64?

3. What did the function of kidneys in 88 patients reveal?

4. What did qualitative and quantitative indices help to estab­lish? 5. What a distinctive feature was noticed between the urinary analysis in patients with severe and moderate chronic renal failure and normal renal function and initial stage of renal insufficiency?

Possible answers:

a — chronic renal failure; b — cylindruria; c — correla­tion between presence of erythrocytic cylinders in urinary residue and degree of haematuria; d — chronic glomerulone­phritis; e — large granular cylinders.

Task 18. Name the Latin or Greek equivalents which are etymologically connected with the following medical terms. Comment upon the meaning of these terms:

cirrhosis — цироз; carcinoma — карцінома; nephropto­sis — нефроптоз; glycosuria — глікозурія; nephropexy — нефропексія; olyguria — олігурія; glomerulonephritis — гломерулонефрит; epinephritis — епінефрит; adipoma (li­poma) — ліпома; adiponecrosis — адіпонекроз; adrenalecto­my — адреналектомія.

P

Ukrainian світло руйнування чистий; очищений лікарські препарати отрута

Task 20. Study the expressions which will help you to understand the further given articles for discussion:

harmaceutical Terms

cal terms in the further given		articles:
Greek	Latin	English
phos(photo)	lux, lucis f	light
-lytic	destructio, önis f	destruction
cathartic	purus, a, um	pure; clean;
		purging
chemo	remedium, ii n	drug; remedy
toxico	venenum, і n	poison

Task 19. Study the equivalents pertaining to the medi-

painkillers знеболювальні засоби to damage smth. зашкодити чомусь there is no evidence that... немає доказів, що ... to prevent excessive calcium in the urine запобігти над-мірному накопиченню кальцію в сечі FDA (Federal Drug Administration) Федеральна адмі­ністрація лікувальних засобів у США to reduce this type of recurring kidney-stone зменшити цей тип формування ниркових конкрементів to be afflicted by smth. страждати від чогось to relieve gout полегшувати стан при подагрі to clump together to form clots з’єднуватися для подальшого утворення згустків to be beneficial in doing smth. бути сприятливим у виконанні чогось

an .intense beam of smth. інтенсивний промінь to be instrumental бути корисним rye brain житні висівки

Task 21. Now come the articles to be discussed. Read them carefully and get ready to answer the questions without peeping into the text:

Overuse of Painkillers May Damage Kidneys Doctor Says

(from “Herald Tribune")

Two of the most heavily used drugs in the United States - aspirin and acetaminophen — may cause serious kidney damage in some persons when used daily for years, a doctor says. Acetaminophen is used in such products as Tylenol and Ana- cin-3.

Other authorities have said there is no evidence that long­term use of aspirin causes kidney ailments, although there has been no definitive judgement on chronic use of acetaminophen.

Dr. William M. Bennett of the Oregon Health Sciences University said at a National Kidney Foundation symposium that even a few years of regular use, perhaps six to eight tablets a day, may cause problems. At some centers, as many as 5 percent to 10 percent of patients who have kidney trans­plant operations, or who go on kidneys dialysis, are chronic users of painkillers, Dr. Bennett said.

Preventing Kidney Stones

(from “U.S. News and World Report")

A new drug to prevent excessive calcium in the urine from causing kidney stones has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration after 15 years of tests by the FDA, the National Institute of Health and private industry.

The drug — sodium cellulose phosphate — was shown capable of reducing this type of recurring kidney stone from eight to fewer than one a year. Some 250,000 of the 1 mil­lion kidney-stone sufferers in the country are afflicted by the problem of excess calcium.

Analysis of Side Effects

(from "Likarska Sprava")

59.4 % of drugs allowed by current pharmaceutical nomencla­ture to be sold without prescriptions may cause side effects or have contraindications Analgetics, spasmolytics, purgatives and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs account for the bulk of side effects. Promoting awareness of the population of side effects of the drugs admitted to prescriptionless sale should be considered as an urgent problem of pharmacy.

Anturane

(from SBD)

Anturane is a trademark for a drug that stimulates the excretion of uric acid, used to treat gout and experimentally to prevent the formation of blood clots.

A drug used to relieve gout apparently reduces by almost one-half the risk of dying from a second heart attack in the months following the first. Patients who began using the antigout drug Anturane (sulfinpyrazone) four to five weeks after their first heart attack had a death rate of 4,9 percent a year compared with 9.5 percent a year for patients taking a placebo. Reports that Anturane prevented blood platelets from clumping together to form clots led to speculation that this drug could be benefi­cial in combatting recurrent heart attacks.

Laetrile

(from SBD)

Laetrile is the trademark for an anticancer drug obtained by hydrolyzing amygdalin (a compound derived from almonds, apricot pits, and other seeds) and oxidizing the resulting gly­coside. It is supposed to release cyanide into the body to kill cancer cells.

We drive up a dusty sidestrcct to a makeshift former warehouse which houses the cytopharmacy factory, where primitive equipment and a handful of lethargic Mexicans in lab coats grind the small brown apricot kernels imported from U.S. canning factories into a fine white, cyanide-rich pow­der that emerges, several steps later, as the yellow tablets and pale scrum known as Laetrile.

Laetrile .. is found in the kernels of many fruits, notably apricots, peaches, plums and bitter almonds. It is also found in numerous other plants in a slightly different chemical form. The notion of using Laetrile as a cancer drug got its first major impetus in the Unites States in 1920 when Ernst T Krebs Sr., a California physician, tried apricot pits as a cancer treatment. Laetrile received another big shove in 1952 when Ernst T. Krebs Jr., a biochemist, developed a purified form of Laetrile for injec­tion

Under the patent name, laetrilc, it is touted, at a high price, as a cure for cancer. The medical and political controversy surrounding this unortho­dox treatment is concentrated mainly in the United States, but the treatment has its adherents all over the world

Pion Therapy

(from SBD)

Pion therapy is a method of destroying cancer tumors by concentrating an intense beam of pions on the cancerous tis­sue and causing a miniature atomic explosion that damages the atoms and molecules of the target cells.

It will take years to say whether pion therapy is superior to other treatments,” says Malcolm Bagshaw, a radiation oncologist from Stanford University, who is visiting Los Alamos "We arc looking for local control where cancer has started. We probably can't do much about a cancer that has spread through the body.” Local control is important, because a large proportion of cancer patients die from continued growth of the primary tumor, and chemotherapy and immunotherapy arc weak in their ability for local control Nevertheless, pion therapy will have to show significant improvements over alternates, to be worth the expense and effort.

Task 22. Answer the following questions:

1. In what products in the United States is acetaminophen used? 2. What did you come to know from the article about chronic users of painkillers? 3. Do you know anything about drug abuse, if so, comment upon the fact you are familiar with. 4. Whether sodium cellulose phosphate can reduce re­curring kidney stone? 5. How would you comment analysis of side effects? 6. What do you know about a drug Anturane? 7. Why is there a controversy surrounding the use of Laet­rile?

Task 23. Choose the synonyms to the following words taken from the article “Overuse of Painkillers...” and check your choice with the key: