1. Gastro... (an instrument inserted through the mouth for visually inspecting the inside of the stomach). 2. Gastr... (the surgical removal of all, or especially part of the stomach).

3. Gastro...itis (an inflammation of the stomach and the intestines). 4. Gastro... (a stony concretion formed in the stomach). 5. Gastro... (a bleeding from the blood vessels and the stomach lining). 6. Gastro... (a process of softening of stomach lining because of poor blood supply or an inflamma­tion). 7. Gastro... (a prolapse, falling of the stomach down­wards because of weakening of some muscles). 8. Gastroente- ro... (the branch of medicine that is concerned with disorders of the digestive system). 9. Gastr... (inflammation of the stomach lining). 10. Gastro ... (surgical incisior into the sto­mach).

(a — ...tomy; b — ...logy; c — ...lith; d — ...ectomy; e — ...rrhagia; f — ...ptosis; g — ...scope; h — ...itis; i — ...malacia; j — ...enter...)

Task 12. Choose the proper terms for the definitions:

1. Yellow coloration of skin and tissues. 2. Lack of hyd­rochloric acid. 3. Lesion of the mucous membrane when it is injured and necrosed. 4. Collection of bile (calculi) which forms in the gallbladder and bile ducts. 5. Protrusion of an organ or part of it through the wall of the cavity which contains it. 6. Binding or twisting of the intestine upon itself.

7. Removal of the gallbladder. 8. Inflammation of the pan­creas. 9. Incision of the esophagus. 10. Visual examination of the stomach.

(a — gallstones; b — hernia; c — volvulus; d — gastro­scopy; e — ulcer; f — achlorhydria; g — pancreatitis; h — cholecystectomy; i — esophagotomy; j — jaundice)

Task 13. Choose the words that correctly complete each of the following sentences. Consult the dictionary if neces­sary:

1. Alimentary canal begins at the (mouse, mouth) and ends at the anus. 2. The (rough, roof, ruff) of the mouth is called palate. 3. By the movements of the (tan, tang, tongue, ton, tone) and cheek the food is turned about and chewed. 4. The (leaps, lips) form the opening to the oral cavity. 5. The pancreatic juice is (reach, rich) in enzymes which digest pro­teins, fats and carbohydrates. 6. A soft tissue which hangs from the soft palate is (cold, called) uvula. 7. The tongue has papilae which contain (sells, seals, cells, seels) .sensitive to the chemical nature of food. 8. Pharynx is a passegeway for (ear, air, are) from the nasal cavity to the larynx (voice box) and for food going from the mouth to esophagus.

9. Scientists continue the research (work, walk, woke) over the (spear, spare, speer) parts for the human body such as kidneys, pancreas, etc. 10. The muscular soft palate (lies,

lays) posterior to the hard palate. 11. Ulcer and cirrhosis are not (rare, rear) diseases among those who are prone to alco­holism. 12. The gastric juice in the stomach acts‘on (meets, meats). 13. Artificial pancreas is a portable pump (warn, worn) on a patient’s belt. 14. The long- (soot, sot, sought, thought) synthesis of human insulin has become a reality.

14. The animal insulin can (course, cause, cose, corse) allergic reactions.

Pharmaceutical Terms

Task 14. Read and memorize some expressions and equi­valents. They will help you to better understand the dictio­nary articles, a direction to the medicine and a summary from the journal:

licorice root ['likaris]; liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) лакричник

Reye’s syndrome гепатоцеребральний синдром (синдром

Рейе) — раптовий набряк головного мозку та жирове

переродження печінки, що виникає у дітей

to have a heartburn страждати печією

to affect the clotting of blood впливати на коагуляцію

крові

upon introduction of після введення

rectal route of administration ректальний спосіб введення

to relieve pain полегшити біль

adult dose доза для дорослих

caution should be taken необхідно бути обережним

in case of overdose у випадку передозування

Equivalents

English

root

leaf

good

Greek

rrhis

phyl

eu

Latin

radix, icis f folium, ii n bonus, a, um

Ukrainian

корінь

листок

гарний

Task 15. Read and discuss the dictionary articles. Use the expressions:

a drug described inhibits (improves) ...; a drug was intro­duced into ...; a drug is used in the treatment of ...

Cimetidine

(from SBD)

Cimetidine is a drug that inhibits the secretion of acid in the stomach, introduced into the United States and Canada from Great Britain in 1977 for use in the treatment of peptic ulcers and various gastrointestinal diseases.

Formula: C,₀H_|6N₆S.

(From cyano-imidazol-methyl-guanidine, chemical consti­tuents of the drug)

The drug is called cimctidine. So far it has been shown that it can cure ulcers quickly and effectively. Eight studies involving over 650 patients were recently completed in the United States They showed that 70 per cent of the patients on cimetidine were healed after two weeks. Cimcti- dinc works because it blocks the action of histamine, which stimulates the secretion of gastric acid.

Carbenoxolone

(from SBD)

Carbenoxolone is a drug that reduces inflammation, used in the treatment of gastric ulcer.

Formula: C^H^O^

(From carbon + -ene hydrocarbon + oxygen + -ol alcohol or phenol + ketone)

Synthesized from glycyrrhizic acid, a derivative of licorice root, carbe- noxolonc increases the ability of cells to bind protein, thus, it is believed, increasing the sccretion of protective mucus

Task 16. Read a direction to the medicine and find the answers to the questions: