ANATOMIC, CLINICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL TERMINOLOGY

For medical students of colleges

АНАТОМІЧНА.КПІНІЧНА І ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧНА ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЯ

Допущено Міністерством охорони здоров’я України як підручник для студентів медичних училищ і коледжів

КИЇВ. Лі і і -ВИЩА ШКОЛА- : 1998

Р

УДК 802.0(075.8) ББК 81.2 Англ —923 Я 61

ецензенти: доктор філологічних наук Ю. В. Шанін (Український державний медичний університет), Л. В. Дядюіи- кіна, Т. С. Юрків (Київське медичне училище № 4)

Редакція літератури з філології і педагогіки Редактор Т. О. Туркулевич

Янков А. В.

Я 61 Англійська мова для студентів-медиків: Анатоміч-

на, клінічна і фармацевтична термінологія: Підруч­ник. - К.: Вищашк., 1998. - 175 с. - Англ.,<укр. ISBN 5-11-004684-0

У підручнику проводиться систематизоване зіставлення англійсь­ких, грецьких і латинських еквівалентів, продуктивних в утворенні анатомічних, клінічних і фармацевтичних термінів.

Д

медичної лсксики\,/

Для студентів медичних училищ і коледжів.

процесі створення та розпізнавання

обір фактичного матеріалу для вироблення навичок адекватно­го сприймання спеціальних текстів медичної тематики та завдання сливлюють практичне використання на-

Б

©AB. Янков, 1998

Isbn 5-11-004684-0

БК 81.2 Англ—923

Підручник розраховано на студентів II курсу медичних училищ і коледжів після вивчення ними фонетико-грама- тичного корективного курсу англійської мови та основ ла­тинської мови з медичною термінологією. Проте за темати­кою і мовним рівнем він може бути використаний і в ме­дичних інститутах та університетах.

Мета підручника — підготувати студентів до читання і розуміння оригінальної медичної літератури англійською мовою, навчити їх коментувати анотації до ліків, історію хвороби тощо, спілкуватися в межах тем підручника.

За структурою підручник виконаний хоч і традиційно, але з нововведенням, оскільки в кожному тематичному роз­ділі розглядаються англійські медичні терміноелементи і терміни у порівнянні з їх відповідниками в грецькій і ла­тинській мовах. До основних текстів кожного розділу до­даються пояснення складних слів та словосполучень, що становлять вокабуляр текстів. Крім цього, пропонуються додаткові матеріали з англійських уа американських дже­рел (наукових журналів, словників тощо). Анатомічні, клі­нічні та фармацевтичні терміни розглядаються і в різних завданнях, і в літературних текстах кожного розділу.

За тематикою розділи підручника охоплюють головні системи тіла людини. Вибір тем для опрацювання прово­диться викладачами англійської мови самостійно, оскільки кожен розділ є завершеним комплексом у структурно-мето- дичному та навчально-пізнавальному відношенні.

Система текстів і вправ в основному креативного змісту (побудова медичних термінів та їх декодування, розпізна­вання у мікро- та макроконтекстах).

У підручнику не передбачені вправи на опрацьовування граматичних і синтаксичних конструкцій. Вибір таких струк­тур для тренування залежить від загальної та індивідуаль­ної підготовки студентів. За викладачем залишається право вибирати теми та прийоми роботи для кожної спеціальності.

UNIT ONE

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

In this unit you will learn:

Some anatomic terms pertaining to the theme “Musculo­skeletal System” (the text “The Human Body”).

Some clinical terms pertaining to the same theme (the text “Osteomyelitis”; dictionary articles: “Podiatry", “Diskinaes- thesis”, “Dysmelia”).

Some pharmaceutical terms to the same theme (dictionary articles: “Diacerhein”, “Amelia”, “Muscle Pill”, “Anectine”, “Arthrotropic” and the description of “Ginseng Tonic Capsu­les").

For your home-reading an additional article “Mending Bones with Biological “Glue” is suggested. A short passage from the book "Doctor in the House” by Richard Gordon will also be of some interest for you.

Some exercises with the keys to them will be of great help in constructing and comprehension of medical terms.

Anatomic Term*

Task 1. Pronounce and memorize the words pertaining to the theme studied (you will come across these words in the given unit):

limb [lim] кінцівка cartilage ['ka:tilid3] хрящ joint [d33int] суглоб ligament ['ligament] зв’язка cranial ['kreinjal] черепний facial ('feij(a)l] лицьовий jaw [d3o:] щелепа to chew [tju:] жувати to breathe [bri:6] дихати vertebra ['vsrtibrdj хребець vertebrae ['va:tibri:] хребці cervical ['sa:vik(a)l] шийний thoracic [0o(:)'ræsik] грудний

coccyx ['koksiks] куприк diaphragm ['daisfraem] діафрагма stomach ['st\mak] шлунок urinary ['/изгіпзгі] сечовий wrist [nst] зап’ясток thumb [Олт] великий палець кисті руки thigh-bone ['ваіЬоип] стегнова кістка tibia [ЧіЬіз] великогомілкова кістка tibiae [ЧіЬіі:] великогомілкові кістки fibula ['fibjuls] малогомілкова кістка knee-joint ('ni:d3Dint] колінний суглоб ankle ['sqkl] кісточка, щиколотка extremity [iks'tremiti] кінцівка muscle [шлеї] м’яз cavity ['keiviti] порожнина

Task 2. Memorize the expressions to the text:

to consist of smth. (something); to be connected together with smth.; to allow smth. to do smth.; to be composed of smth.; to be lodged in smth.; to be protected by smth.; as far as smth. is concerned; as for smth.; it goes without saying; to have no control over smth.

Task 3. Read the text, choose the anatomic terms and get ready to speak on the structure of the human body:

THE HUMAN BODY

"Hie Jiuman body consists of three parts. They are the head, the trurilt^and the limbs. There are many bones ofxli£|grent sizes and shapes inthe skeleton^The^ bones ar^onnected together by the caftjtages, the ligamefits and jSSntsc The joints allow the bones to move. - /

The main part of the head is called the skull. The bones of the skull are composed of cranial and.factaLparts. The skull efitlosgs the&rmnTThejbr^head, the tei^pl^?\h|c^^cs, the cheekbones, the two jaws and the mouth compose &e face. The teeth and the tongue are lodged in the mouth. One chews food with the tee^h and tastes food with the tongue.The lips aggthe two margins of the mouth. We see with the eyes, breathe and smell with the nos&and hear with ears.

The trunk consists of the spme^’the chest and the pelvic bones. In the spine there are many vertebrae. They are cervi­cal, thoracic, lunjgar, sacral vertg^c^ç and the coccyx. The trunk ismivïaea into two large cavities by diaphragm. Thé upper cavitvof the trunk is called thorax and the lower one is called the be/tlyTtn the middle of the thorax(the chest) there is a long bone the breastbope by name. Thfmpsare connected with the breastbone by cixtilages. The lungs <md the heart aiè located above the diaphragm in the upper cavity. In the lowe/ cavitvjabdominal cavity) we fmd^terior. organs such as stonïacfc liver, urinary tMadder, gâïïbladaer. kidneys, spleeil and intestines (bowels). There are two ninnies on the chest;

! and. in women, the breasts with the fëafë. There is the nat ^val m the middle of the abdomen. At the Jowest part of the abdomen there are genitals (the exranal’ reproductive organs). j.

The upper limb (extremity) is divided into the shoulder), the upper arm, the forearm and the hand. The joint between¹ upper arm and forearm we call the elbow. The ^îsïisflnë joint between forearm and hand. Each hand has five fingers: index (fore-finger), middle finger, ring finger, little finger and a thumb.

The lower limb consists of the thigh-bone (the femur), thé shin-bone (the tibia) and the fibula. We call the calf the back of the lower leg. The joint between the femur and the lower leg is called the knee-joint. This joint is protected by the knee-cap (the patella). The joints between lower legs and feet are the ankles. The foot consists of heel, sole and toes.

The muscles form about 40 per cent of the body weight. They are subdivided into three groups. These groups are the muscles of thé trunk, head and extremities. There are about 600 skeletal muscles. As far as their form is concerned they can be long,'‘wiHe and short. The long muscles compose the, free extremities, the wide ones lay on the trunk and from the walls of the body cavities. The short muscles are not numero- us. Some of them form facial muscles. Muscles are atfa^Ked to bones, internal organs and blood vessels. They allow us to make an internal or external movement due to their contrac­tion and relaxation. - > '

As for the structure of the muscles there are also^thgee types of them: striated (skeletal) muscles, smooth (viscâal) muscles and a cardiac muscle. The first ones move all tKfe bones, face and eyes. The second ones move our internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels and secretory ducts. We have no conscious control over visceral muscles and a cardiac muscle. The muscles contain many muscle fibers (cells) which are connected together by connective tissue. Ù goes without saying that there are many nerves and blood vessels in the muscles.

Task 4. Find the English equivalents for the Latin terms:

1. Truncus, i m. 2. Internus, a, um. 3. Ductus, us m.

4. Externus, a, um. 5. Cellula, ae, f. 6. Musculus, i m. 7. Ner- vus, i m. 8. Vertebra, ae f. 9. Diaphragma, atis n. 10. Extre- mitas, atis f. 11. Abdomen, inis n. 12. Tibia, ae f. 13. Fibula, ae f. 14. Patella, ae f.

(a — belly (abdomen); b — trunk; c - knee-cap; d - duct; e —fibula; f — shin-bone; g — limb, extremity; h — diaphragm; i — cell; j - internal; k - muscle; 1 - external; m — nerve; n — vertebra).

Task S. Fill in the blanks with the words given below:

1. There are many ... in the spine. 2. We use the ... and the

tongue when we speak. 3. There are a great number of

... in the muscles. 4. The cells are connected by connective ...

5. move our internal organs such as the digestive

tract, blood vessels and secretory ducts. 6. The teeth and a

tongue are located in 7. The skull encloses

8. We chew our food with the ... . 9. The joints allow the bones 10. The bones are of various sizes and ....

(a- — the smooth muscles; b- - shapes; c.— vertebrae; d —-lips; e.— teeth; f — nerves and blood vessels; g — to move; h*— the brain; i - tissue; j— the mouth).

Task 6. Use this structure to respond to the following statements:

Example: Muscles are attached to bones.

Prompt: to make an internal or external movement.

Response: As far as their function is concerned the muscles allow us to make an internal or external movement.

1. The hands make a part of the upper limbs, (to work) 2. The feet make a part of lower extremities, (to walk) 3. The teeth are set in the jaw-bones, (to chew, masticate) 4. The eyes are lodged in the two cavities (orbits), (to see) 5. The ears are located in the head, (to hear, to listen to) 6.The lips are the two margins of the mouth, (to speak, to kiss) 7. The eyelids and eyelashes cover the eyes, (to protect the eyes)

Clinical Terms

Task 7. Read and memorize these Greek (in English way of spelling), Latin, English and Ukrainian equivalents

to comprehend the further given text and dictionary artic­les:

Osteomyelitis

Greek	Latin	English	Ukrainian
oste	os, ossis n	bone	кістка
myel	medulla ossium	bone marrow	кістковий мозок
-itis	inflammatio,	inflammation	запалення
	onis f
eti	causa, ae f	cause	причина
-logy	scientia, ae f	study; science	вчення, '
			вивчення
staphyl/o	vinum, i n	grapes, clus­	грона
		ters	винограду
-coccus	bacca, ae f	berry-shaped	у вигляді
			ягоди
thromb/o	claustrum, i n	clot	згусток
-osis	status aegrotus	abnormal con­	кволий,
		dition	хворий
py/o	pus, puris n	pus	гній
-emia	status sanguinis	blood condi­	стан крові
		tion
anti-	contra	against	проти
bi/o	vita, ae, f	life	життя
-therapy	curatio, onis f	theatment	лікування
dia-	trans	through	через
gnos/o	cognitio, onis f	cognition	пізнання

l

Podiatry

(the dictionary article from “The Longman Register of New Words" by J. Ayto — LRONW)

АНАТОМІЧНА.КПІНІЧНА І ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧНА ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЯ 4

КИЇВ. Лі і і -ВИЩА ШКОЛА- : 1998 24

UNIT ONE 35

Diacerhein 49

Amelia 49

Muscle Pill 50

Anectine 50

Arthrotropic 50

:■ //ш 52

UNIT TWO 56

Echocardiogram 61

Thrombosthenin 61

Spectrin 61

Neovascularization 62

Microwave Sickness 68

Von Willebrand's Disease 68

Bufdlin 71

Bufadienolide 71

Practolol 71

Anturane 71

Sulfinpyrazone 72

Thromboxane 72

UNIT THREE 78

Graze 81

Dietary Fiber 81

UNIT FOUR 96

UNIT FIVE 112

UNIT SIX 140

Lasertripsy 172

Anturane 179

Laetrile 180

Keys 183

Vasoligate 194

Vacuum Aspiration 194

Suction Method 194

Lunchtime Abortion 194

Menstrual extraction 194

Tylectomy 195

Doxycycline 197

Bromocriptine 197

Dihydrotestosterone 197

Disldnoesthesis

(from LRONW)

dys- functio laesa disfunction порушення

функції

kin(esi)/o motus, us m motion, movement pyx

1. esthesi/o sensus, us m feeling, nervous відчуття

sensation

Dysmelia

(from "The Second Barnhart Dictionary of New English" by K. Barnhart — SBD)

mel/o extremitas, atis f limb кінцівка

-ia status, us m condition, state стан

Task 8. Read and comprehend the text from the book “The Language of Medicine” by D. E. Chabner and the articles. Get ready to narrate what they are about. Pay attention to the medical terms and learn them in a sug­gested context:

Osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of the bone and bone marrow. This inflammation involves the soft parts of the bone, especially the bone marrow in the medullary cavity of the bone. The hard, calcified part of the bone becomes soft­ened as well, as a result of the inflammation.

The etiology of osteomyelitis is bacterial. Staphylococci' invade the blood stream after gaining access to the body through the skin. Sometimes trauma to the skin and bone leads to rupture of blood vessels so that the staphylococci begin to grow in blood clots and injured tissue.

The clinical course involves bone abscess (inflammation and pus collection) and eventually death of bone tissue with thrombosis of blood vessels in the bone marrow. Sequestrum is the term used to describe a piece of dead bone tissue. The entire body may become involved in the disease if the throm­bi carrying staphylococci spread to the organs and pyemia develops.

Antibiotic therapy can correct the condition once a correct diagnosis is made so that the abscess and thrombosis forma­tion can be averted.

Note

¹ Staphylococci бактерії родини мікрококів, клітини яких утворюють гроноподібні скупчення. Спричиняють нагноєння ран, абсцеси, фурункули тощо.

Podiatry

Podiatry is the treatment of the feet or foot disorders by a trained specialist; chiropody.

Podiatry is generally regarded as the American English synonym of British chiropody, but signs of its importation across the Atlantic may have to do not so much with linguistic borrowings as with changes In chiropodic practice. For in the USA chiropodists routinely give treat­ments (such as minor surgery) which are not traditional in Britain, but which in recent years have been increasingly introduced there (often in the face of opposition from orthopaedic surgeons). It would seem there­fore that the term podiatry is being adopted to rcflcct this move into respectable mainstream therapy, ana banish the old downbeat image of chiropody as the removal of corns.

Diskinaesfhesis

Diskinaesthesis is lack of muscular coordination and of an awareness of the position and movement of one’s limbs.

Everyone knows the clumsy child — the boy with the permanently grazed knee who cannot tic his shoelace, is forever breaking things ana always drops the cricket ball. Until very recently it was thought that such children were backward or just plainmischievous. Now it is known they are suffering from a genuine disorder called “diskinaesthesis”.

The term “kinaesthesis” referring to the sense of muscular movement, has been extant since before World War II, but this is a new development.

Dysmelia

Dysmelia is a deformed condition of development of the limbs.

The deformities are usually severe, and the upper limbs are more se­verely affected than the lower limbs. This variation in the degree of the defect is also observed in human cases of thalidomide dysmelia.

Task 9. Read and get ready to narrate the additional information:

Clinical tests on preserved synovial fluid of anirtials are under way in the Ukraine. In a healthy body, the fluid serves as an ideal life-long lubricant for the joints. In a damaged or diseased joint, formation and renewal of this biological lubri­cant is impaired. Medics have established that a patient’s condition can be improved by injecting animal fluid which keeps for a year after some careful preservative treatment into the defective joint. Orthopedists in Kyiv have started using the new technique.

Task 10. Read the definitions and fill in the blanks with the words given in brackets. Build medical terms. Consult the glossary:

1. Osteo... . A softening of tissue (bone). A bone desease characterized by a softening of the bones, resulting from a deficiency in calcium salts, found chiefly in adult women.

2. Osteo... . Disease process; treatment of disease. A school of medicine and surgery employing various methods of diag­nosis and treatment, but placing special emphasis on the inter- relationshi p of the musculoskeletal system to all other body systems. 3. Osteo.... Instrument to cut. A surgical instrument for cutting or dividing bone.-4. Osteo... . Passage or some­thing in a porous state. A bone disease characterized by a reduction in bone density accompanied by increasing porosity and brittleness, associated with loss of calcium from the bones.

4. Osteodys... . Nourishment growth, development; bad bone development having to do with the process of nutrition.

5. Oste... . Tumor. A tumor composed of bony tissue.

(a - pathy; b — tome; c — oma; d - porosis; e — malacia; f —trophy)

Task 11. Build medical terms. Choose them from the list below:

1. Abnormal condition of porous bones. 2. Inflammation of bone and bone marrow. 3. Dead bone tissue. 4. A disease in which there is enlargement of the bones of the head, hands and feet resulting from a tumor of the putuitary gland that causes overproduction of growth hormone. 5. An instrument for recording muscular contractions.

(a — ...graph; b — osteomyel...; c — ...porosis; d - sequestrum; e — ...megalia)

Pharmaceutical Terms

Task 12. Memorize these equivalents. They will be help­ful to read and comprehend the further given dictionary articles, summary to the “Ginseng Tonic Capsules” and to build medical terms:

Greek Latin

arthr/o articulatio, onis f

oxy acidus, a, um

neur/o nervus, і m

gen/o nascor

syn cum, con-

sthen/o vis, vis f\ poten- tia, ae f

English

joint

sour

nerve

to bear (bore, bom) together strength

Ukrainian

суглоб

кислий

нерв

народжувати

разом

сила

synthesis	conjugatio, onis f	linkage	з’єднання
prostat/o	glandula prosta-	prostate gland	передміхурова
	tica		залоза
aden/o	glandula, ae f	gland	залоза
elcos	ulcus, eris n	ulcer	виразка
stomach	ventriculus, i m;	stomach	шлунок
	gas ter, tris f
physi/o	natura, ae f	nature, natural	природа; при­
		phenomenon	родне явище
hypn/o	somnus, i m	dream	сон
trop/o	locus, i m	place	місце
тісг/o	parvus, a, um;	little	малий
	minor
myc/o	fungus, i m	fungus, mold	фиб(ок)
chron/o	tempus, oris n	time	час
alg/o	dolor, oris m	pain	біль

Task 13. Read the dictionary articles. Comprehend the meaning of the medical terms. Get ready to build the medical terms based on the word-building elements:

Diacerhein

(from LRONW)

Diacerhein is an anti-inflammatory drug used to counter osteoarthritis.

Much of the trouble (from arthritic inflammation) is caused by the very active oxygen radicals released by white blood cells in their efforts to degrade foreign materials. As a quinone, diacerhein seems able to com­bine with these radicals and deactivate them.

Diacerhein (tradename Artrodar) was developed by Charles Friedman, of the University of Florence. It is a derivative of anthraquinone. Standart anti-inflammatory drugs, such as fen- bufen, work by reducing the body’s synthesis of prostaglan­dins; a common side-effect of this is bleeding and ulceration of the stomach. Diacerhein, on the other hand, actually in­creases prostaglandin synthesis, so this side-effect is avoided.

Amelia

(from SBD)

Amelia is a congenital absence of the arms and legs.

Dr. McBridc had acknowledged to the committee that his original statement about Imipramine was incorrect in relation to two of three eases of birth defects originally cited by him. The one that was correct was a case of amelia (total abscncc of arms).

Although this term has long been used in medicine, it has only recently appeared in popular writing as a result of the interest generated by this and similar conditions caused by various drugs taken during pregnancy, such as thalidomide.

Muscle Pill

(from SBD)

Muscle pill is an informal name for anabolic steroid (any of a group of synthetic hormones that increase the size and strength of muscles, often used by athletes during training).

A group of West German sports doctors is challenging the Olympic ban on anabolic steroids, contending the “muscIc pills" are harmless to physically mature athletes if dosages are carefully controlled.

...from anabolic increasing constructive metabolism, and steroid any of class of compounds including the primary sex hormones.

Anectine

(from SBD)

Anectine is the trademark of a derivative of curare', used as a muscle relaxant.

Or. Arthur Nugent is particularly quotable on avertion therapy with Ancctine, a curare derivative: ‘Even the toughest inmates have соте to fear and hate the drug I don't blame them. I wouldn't have one treat­ment myself for the world'.

Note

¹ curare кураре — речовина, яку використовують для лікування правця та при наркозі

Arthrotropic

(from SBD)

Arthrotropic tending to cause disease of the joint.

Animal models indicate that a variety of known microorganisms, in­cluding bacteria of their cell walls, mycoplasma, and viruses are arthro­tropic and can induce acute and chronic arthritis

Task 14. Read a summary of the article “Development of a Technology of Sublimated Honey” and tell what it is about:

The authors developed a scientifically-based technology of lyophilized honey' for its subsequent use both individually and in combination with other drugs in powders, eye-drops, injections, etc. Parameters of sublimation honey drying were developed and cryohydrate temperatures of honey solutions were determined; the kinetics of drying of the preparation was worked out. (The research work was carried out at the Ukrainian pharmaceutical academy.)

Note s

¹ lyophilized honey ліофілізація — метод зневоднення тканини шляхом заморожування її у вакуумі

Task IS. Choose the proper term to the identification:

1. The way (route) of administration of drugs. 2. The sci­ence dealing with the effect of drugs on living organisms.

3. Conditions which ban (forbid) the use of a drug. 4. The science that deals with medicinal products of plant, animal, or mineral origin in their crude or unprepared state. 5. The branch of pharmacology that deals with the effect and the reactions of drugs within the body. 6. Pertaining to against pain.

(a — contraindications; b -- analgesic, analgetic; с — intramuscular; d — pharmacology; e — pharmacognosy; f — pharmacodynamics)

Task 16. Build medical terms:

1. Inflammation of joints. 2. Inflammation of bone and joints. 3. Abnormal condition of pus in a joint. 4. Any of various immovable articulations, or joints (as in suture joints of the skull). 5. A freely movable joint; any articulation, as of the hip, permitting freemovement in any direction. 6. Neu­ralgic pain in a joint or joints.

(a — synarthr...; b — ...itis; с — ...arthritis; d — arthro...osis; e — dia...osis; f — arthr...ia).

Task 17. Read a summary to “Ginseng Tonic Capsules” and answer the following questions:

1. What are the main indications of Ginseng tonic capsules (G. t. c.)? 2. What is a daily dose of G. t. ,c.? 3. Is it necessary to wash G. t. c. down? 4. When is it preferable to take these capsules? 5. What does the root of Ginseng pro­mote and induce?

Ginseng root (Panax Ginseng) is a rare produce of China and has been considered an effective tonic for men and women since ancient times. If taken regularly, the root promotes health and induces longevity. G. t. c. are prepared with the extract of Ginseng root blended with a number of valuable Chinese crude drugs by means of modern scientific methods. Mild and soothing in nature, G. t. c. is an effective tonic indeed for men and women all the year round.

Action. Blood tonic for organic system and for physical and mental functions.

Indications. Congenital Weakness, Debility and Anemia, Las­situde of Limbs, Somnolentia, Dizziness, Nervousness, Poor Memory, Neurasthenia, Malnutrition.

Direction. 1-2 capsules each dose to be taken daily with lukewarm water in the morning and evening half an hour after meals.

Caution. The bottles must be tightly covered and kept in a cool and dry place away from moisture.

Packing. Each bottle containing 30 capsules of 0.3 gram. HANDIED BY TIANJIN MEDICINES & HEALTH PRODUCTS IMPORT & EXPORT CORPORATION.

Task 18. For your home-reading an abridged (short­ened) article from the magazine “Newsweek” (N. Y.) is suggested. Read and narrate the article using the expres­sions:

the article under review was published in... стаття, яка розглядається, надрукована в... the article is about... стаття про... the purpose (object) of the article is to describe (to show).,, мета статті описати... the first paragraph deals with... у першому абзаці йдеться про...

then the article goes on to the problem of ... далі стаття торкається проблеми... it is evident that... очевидно, що... it is interesting to note that... цікаво зауважити, що... the final paragraph states (ends with)... в останньому

абзаці стверджується, що ...

to the best of