New words and expressions

facilities – споруди

transport facilities – транспортна система

natural waterways – природні водні шляхи

surfaced roads – поверхневі дороги

turnpike roads – дорога вимощена деревом

to link – з’єднувати

navigable rivers – судноплавні річки

the Great Lakes region – район великих озер

steam railways – двоколісна залізниця

large subsidies – великі субсидії

federal government – федеральна влада

European settlers – європейські поселенці

reached a peak – досягли піку

a serious competitor – серйозний конкурент

to gain importance – набувати (досягати) значення (важливості)

a leading mode of travel – переважаючий вид (спосіб) подорожей

cargo – вантаж

mover of people – перевізник людей, пасажирів

transport network – транспортна мережа

the intercity passenger trains – міжміські пасажирські потяги

a web – мережа

network – мережа

Exercise 2 Answer the following questions

What were the first travel routes?

What was the reason to construct the canals in the USA?

Transcontinental railways were the chief means of transport used by European settlers, weren’t they?

Does the transport network spread into all sections of the country?

What does The National Interstate Highway System connect?

When was the first transcontinental railway constructed?

Exercise 3 Make from these letters sentences and translate them

Duringtheearly1990srailwaysannuallyhandledabout37.5percentofthetotalfreighttraffictrackscarried26percentofthefreightandoilpipelinesconveyed20percent. Approximately16percentwasshippedoninlandwaterways.

Althoughthefreighthandledbyairlinesamountedtoonly0.4percentofthetotal,muchofthecargoconsistedofhigh-priorityorhigh-valueitems.

Exercise 4 Make up the plan to the text

Exercise 5 Add the words to the sentences using the appropriate Tense.

(connect/carry, handle, spread, be, begin)

1. More than 188 million motor vehicles ____ registered in the end of 2020s.

2. The National Interstate Highway System, 68,449 _____ the nation's principal cities and _____ about one-fifth of all the road and street traffic.

3. In two years, the transport network _____ into all sections of the country.

4. Steam railways _____ to appear in the East in the 1820s.

5. The freight _____ by airlines amounted to only 0.4 per cent of the total.

Exercise 6 Open the brackets using Present Continuous

1. The transport network _____ at the moment (spread).

2. Look! They _____ (test) the vehicle now.

3. The new motor vehicles _____ (register) now.

4.Why you _____ (drive) the lorry today? We have no work to do.

5. We ______ (construct) the first transcontinental railway now.

Chapter2 Logistics Management

Lesson 17 Introduction to Logistics

Exercise 1 Five people give their definition of logistics. Complete the sentences using the words fromthe box.

provide• storage • support • distribution • delivery • maintenance

1. Logistics means that you manage the procurement and movement of goods and the ____________ of inventory.

2. It means the ____________ of the goods the customer needs at the right time, in the

right place, and of the right quality.

3. My definition of logistics is this: it's to plan, organize, and manage operations that _________ services and goods.

4. Logistics - that's the purchasing, maintenance,__________ , and replacement of

material and staff.

5. Logistics is the planning and __________of operations such as warehousing,

6. inventory, transport, procurement, supply, and ____________.

Exercise 2 Complete the following table using the words from exercise 1.

	Verb	Noun
	To provide
		Storage
	To support
		Delivery
		Distribution
	To maintain
		Transportation
		Purchasing

Exercise 3 Match the definitions (a-f) with the words (1-6) below

1 carrier 2 freight forwarder 3 supplier 4 haulage contractor/haulier 5 courier 6 consignee

company which carries goods by road person or firm named in a freight contract to whom goods have been shipped or turned over for care company that specializes in the speedy and secure delivery of small goods and packages company that transports or conveys goods company which supplies parts or services to another company; also called vendor person or business that arranges documentation and travel facilities for companies dispatching goods to customers

Exercise 4 Listen to three people describing their jobs in logistics: a warehouse manager, a freight forwarder, and a shipping operations manager. Match each job to the correct person.

1._______________ 2.___________________ 3. ___________________

Exercise 5.Now listen again and complete the sentences.

Person 1

1. My job is to _____________the transport of goods either by sea, air, road, or rail.

2. An important part of the job is ____________with customer requests about the most

suitable mode of transport.

3. My responsibilities also include _____________ good shipping rates with shipping lines

and transport companies.

4. I _______________customs clearance on behalf of my clients.

Person 2

5. In my job I have to _____________ that the cargo is not damaged onboard the ship or

while loading or unloading.

6. I ______________customers on shipping rates and prepare quotations for our sales office.

Person 3

7. Another part of my job is to________________with departments such as transport and

production.

8. Apart from that, I________________that vehicles, machines, and any other kind of

equipment are maintained to a high level.

Exercise 6 Replace the underlined verbs with words from the box that have the same meaning.

provide • train • organize • ensure • inform about • check

1. We supply software for the car industry.

2. I often advise clients on the most suitable transport method.

3. In my job I have to make sure that passengers arrive on schedule.

4. My job is to supervise incoming goods.

5. I also plan the transport of goods.

6. I instruct staff.

Exercise 7 Put the words in the right order. Use the correct form of the verb.

1. an excellent / provide / delivery service / my company.

2. you / how much / handle / cargo / per year ?

3. to other countries / not ship / we / chemical products.

4. responsible for / be / the warehouse manager / also / vehicles and machinery.

5. to foreign companies / car parts / this vendor / supply ?

6. usually / arrange / for companies / a freight forwarder / documentation.

Exercise 8 Complete the crossword puzzle with words from this unit.

Across

4 Another word forfreight.

5 What you store in the warehouse.

6 Work closely together with somebody

Down

Another word for organize.

To give information about the price

Another word for supervise.

Send goods.

Exercise 9 Read this article and answer the questions.

CHINA'S BOOMING EXPORT BUSINESS

China's economy is developing at a rapid pace with double-digit growth rates in export business and an expected increase of 40 per cent by 2010. With an estimated trade volume of nearly 2 trillion US dollars in 2006, China handles more cargo than any other country in the world. Given these growth rates, it is not surprising that the Chinese logistics sector increased by more than 12 per cent last year.

In order to support the booming industry, the government is currently investing massively in the country's infrastructure. Over the next few years, the Chinese government wants to improve and extend the existing road and railway networks as well as maritime harbours and airports.

For transport logistics, Shanghai is one of the most attractive locations in China. It is the second largest city in the country and has good links to the most important industrial regions. And Shanghai is also a modern and welcoming host for visitors and business people from China and around the world.

Do you know any other countries with considerable export growth rates?

How does logistics play an important role in a country's economy?

What do you know about the logistics industry in your country?

Lesson 18 Logistics Services

Exercise 1 Match the words (1-8) with their definitions (a-h) below

transshipment break-bulk cross-docking order picking reverse logistics tracking and tracing warehousing collection

direct flow of goods from receipt at warehouse to shipping, bypassing storage collecting and handling of used or damaged goods or of reusable transit equipment loading goods from one means of carriage onto another selecting and assembling items from stock for shipments packing goods in small, separable units picking up goods at a named place receiving and storing goods locating items in transit

Exercise 2 Look at these words from exercise 1 and use your dictionary (if necessary) to complete the table

	Verb	Noun
	Receive
		Equipment
	Carry
		Assembly
		Location

Exercise 3 Listen to three logistics providers presenting their services. Complete the table.

	Specializes in	transport mode used
Provider 1 (GFT Global Carrier)
Provider 2 (Home Tex International)
Provider 3 (Cargo Express)

Exercise 4 Listen to the recording again and complete the sentences.

provider • shipping lines • fleet of vehicles • air carriers • transport companies • documentation

1. We are one of the world's leading ____________ with a freight volume of 600,000

2. containers per year.

3. We can offer our customers competitive rates with all major_______________.

4. With a modern _____________, we can ensure fast, safe delivery of your consignments.

5. Our services include order picking, packing, distribution, and handling of all transport__________.

6. Cargo Express is Asia's leading ______________ of air freight services.

7. We work closely with_____________ around the world for the fastest delivery available.

Lesson 19 Transporting Fresh Produce

Exercise 1 Discuss these questions

What do you think is the shortest time for fresh fruit and vegetables to be delivered to a supermarket shelf from the moment the order is placed?

How do you think fresh fruit and vegetables are transported to ensure they arrive in good condition?

Exercise 2 Read and translate the text.

A very tight supply chain

by Sarah Murray

“Even mangoes can be got in England now,' declares Cyril Fielding, the college principal in E.M. Forster's novel A Passage to India. “They ship them in ice-cold rooms. You can make India in England apparently, just as you can make England in India”.

Today, making India in England is even easier with the help of atmosphere-controlled refrigerated containers, known as reefers, monitored by computer chips. But while transport equipment is now highly sophisticated, the delivery of fresh fruit and vegetables also relies on extremely complex logistics systems which are designed to cut every last hour out of the “cool chain”.

Certainly, the containers themselves have moved on since the “ice-cold rooms” described by Cyril Fielding. Reefer technology can control everything from temperature and humidity to ventilation and gas levels. Microprocessors in reefers detect temperature or other problems and fix them during the voyage, sending alerts to the vessel's bridge or to a website through which shippers can make adjustments remotely. These new technologies are increasingly important, as the demand for organic food grows. To satisfy demand, retailers are looking beyond national 35 borders - and organic food is more time sensitive than conventional produce. 'You just have to be much more conscious of temperature fluctuations, making sure those are minimised, that the ventilation setting is properly adjusted and that the transit time isn't too long,” says Barbara Pratt, Chairman of the US International Refrigerated Transportation Association.

Speed is crucial for perishable produce, particularly given the growing popularity of “fresh-cut” produce – pieces of fruit, vegetables and salad that are washed, peeled, trimmed and ready to eat, but which have a far shorter shelf life than whole produce.

In the past five years, UK retailers have dramatically reduced the time it takes to get fresh produce on the supermarket shelf. Today, an order placed by a retail chain might be sent that evening to the suppliers, who start the picking and packing the following morning and send the produce to the distribution centre that evening, allowing the goods to appear on the shelves the following morning. “That's a very condensed supply chain,” says Brian Gaunt of Christian Salvesen's food and consumer division.

The use of aviation has also speeded up the perishables supply chain and brought new items to the supermarkets, particularly high-value produce such as soft fruit from the US, South Africa and Zimbabwe.

Many of these and other airfreighted fruit and vegetables are processed at the British Airways World Cargo Perishables Handling Centre at Heathrow Airport. The centre, which is operated by Christian Salvesen, is a chilled facility of almost 70,000 square feet that processes more than 90,000 tonnes of perishable cargo each year.

At the centre, bulk shipments are broken up into individual orders and sorted by product type or according to the regional distribution centre for which they are destined. Machines at the centre print branded labels for each retailer, including the weight, sell-by date and price, allowing supermarkets to change their prices at the last minute.

“If you go back 10 to 15 years, typically there would have been three to four handling points in the supply chain – whether at origin or in destination,” says Gerry Mundy, BA's Global Perishables Manager. “All that is now handled by the perishable handling centre”

Exercise 3 Answer the questions (Understanding the main points)

1. What is meant by the phrase in the article making India in England (line 8)?

2. What is meant by the phrase cool chain (line 18)?

3. In what way is organic food different from other food products?

4. What are important factors for keeping organic food products fresh when transporting them?

5. How quickly can fresh produce be transported from the farm to the supermarket shelf?

Exercise 4 Answer the questions (Understanding details)

1. What is the name of the modern equipment used to transport fresh fruit and vegetables? Why do you think it is called that?

2. What does reefer technology control?

3. What functions do microprocessors control in modern refrigerated containers?

4. What are the steps in the process when a retail chain orders fresh produce from suppliers?

5. What kind of fresh produce is transported by plane rather than by ship?

6. Where is BA's World Cargo Perishable Handling Centre located?

7. Which company runs the centre?

8. How much fresh produce does it handle each year?

9. What kind of activities take place at the centre?

10. How were things different 10 to 15 years ago

Exercise 5 Find words or phrases in the article which fit these meanings.

1. checked and controlled (paragraph B)

2. notice something that is not easy to see, hear, etc. (paragraph C)

3. warning signals, usually visible or audible (paragraph C)

4. small changes made to a machine (paragraph C)

5. frequent changes, especially from high to low or low to high (paragraph D)

6. the time needed to transport goods (paragraph D)

7. describes food that can become bad quickly (paragraph E) P

8. food that is obtained through farming, especially in large quantities (paragraph E) P

9. length of time food products will stay in good condition once they are put on sale (paragraph E)

10. shortened, concentrated (paragraph F)

11. kept cool, at a low temperature (but not frozen) (paragraph H)

12. deliveries in large quantities (paragraph I)

13. last date at which a food product can be sold (paragraph I)

Exercise 6 Match these words to make noun-noun partnerships from the article.

1	Computer	a)	Fluctuations
2	Transport	b)	Centre
3	Logistics	c)	Life
4	Temperature	d)	Centre
5	Transit	e)	Systems
6	Shelf	f)	Type
7	Distribution	g)	Equipment
8	Consumer	h)	Time
9	Handling	i)	Chips
10	Product	i)	Division

Exercise 7 Match the verbs (1-7) with the nouns (a-g) to form phrases used in the article.

1	to control	a)	Adjustments
2	to detect	b)	Prices
3	to make	c)	Demand
4	to satisfy	d)	Labels
5	to place	e)	a problem
6	to print	f)	the temperature
7	to change	g)	an order

Exercise 8 Use the correct form of phrases from Exercise 6 to complete these sentences.

1. During the transport of fresh produce, it is important to….... ……. ……. carefully.

2. Fresh, organic fruit and vegetables are flown halfway across the world ……… to ……… consumer.

3. In modern containers, if …………such as temperature fluctuations are……………., microprocessors can automatically……….. …………..

4. The supply chain for fresh produce is so well organised, fruit and vegetables can be on the supermarket shelf within two days of an …………. being………. .

5. The BA World Cargo Perishables Handling Centre is so sophisticated, machines can….. ……… for each retailer, which means the retailer can decide to ……….. ……… up to the last minute.

Lesson 20 The importance of an efficient supply chain.

Exercise 1 Read and translate the text

Control of the supply chain turns critical

A n efficient supply chain is a prize worth working for. According to the consultancy firm Accenture, 'supply chain leadership' can increase a company's market value by between 7 and 26 per cent above the industry average. But for a business, even com­peting for that prize demands a significant investment in resources. In sectors such as consumer goods and retailing, established companies have already achieved the easiest supply- chain efficiencies. Making further improvements is much more difficult.

Nonetheless, an efficient supply chain is a must for a widening range of businesses. Fashion, hi-tech and gro­cery retailers realised early on the importance of ensuring the right stock reached the right store at the right time. No one wants a warehouse full of sum­mer dresses at the beginning of autumn,

or indeed shelves of last season's mobile phones in the weeks before 25 Christmas. But thé supply chain is now moving up the agenda in slower-moving sectors, such as heavy manufacturing.

Effective supply-chain manage­ment is the only way to make efficient use of global sourcing strategies, and especially the huge manufacturing capacity of China and south-east Asia. Although globalisation has reduced production costs in a wide range of sectors, the trend to source components or even finished goods from China and elsewhere has made the supply- chain manager's task far harder. 'Our internal systems handle more than 700 « suppliers,' says Christian Verstraete, worldwide supply-chain expert at Hewlett-Packard. 'We have to be able to exchange messages not just with them, but with their suppliers.'

Supply-chain managers in many sectors are looking for greater visibility of what is happening in their supply chains and faster access to more accu­rate data. This means that if there is an unexpected event, such as storms affecting shipping or a production shortfall, companies can divert stocks or bring in alternative suppliers. 'Com­panies are not just asking suppliers why there is a problem with an order,' says SanjivSidu, President of i2, a vendor of management software for supply chains. 'They are asking: "When did you first know, and why did you surprise me?'"

In sectors such as retail, supply-chain problems lead to 'stock-outs' or empty shelves, which send customers else where. In heavy or complex manufacturing, supply-chain problems can lead to cancelled orders running into bil­lions of dollars, or severe penalties for late delivery.

As manufacturers move away from vertically integrated production.where all steps of the production process are controlled in-house, the supply chain suddenly becomes critical. 'In aero­space and defence, we are 10 years behind the hi-tech or even automotive sectors, and how we improve the per­formance of our supply chain is quite a challenge,' explains Bill Black, Chief Quality Officer at aerospace manufacturer EADS. 'The cost of running our supply-chain logistics is minor, set against the $100m cost of an aircraft. But the cost of failure is enormous.'

About 80 per cent of the cost of an 85 aircraft is accounted for by suppliers and partners,' says Black, making EADS 'a co-ordinator of complex products'. 'I need to know if an event can affect our master schedule, and that means that I need to know what is hap­pening, not just with my tier-one suppliers,but with tier-three, -four or -five suppliers as well.

Exercise 2 Answer the questions (Understanding the main points)

1. What kinds of company already have efficient supply chains?

2. Why is having an effective supply chain so important, especially in this period of globalisation?

3. What can be the result of supply-chain problems?

4. Which industry sectors have less-developed supply chains?

5. When does the supply chain become especially critical for manufacturers?

6. Why is supply-chain management so important to the aerospace industry?

Exercise 3 Answer the questions (Understanding details)

1. Why is an efficient supply chain a prize worth working for?

2. Why is it difficult for consumer goods and retailing companies to make improvements to their supply chains?

3. Give two examples of what can result from mistakes in the supply chain of retailing companies.

4. Who does Hewlett-Packard's supply chain expert need to communicate with in its supply chain?

5. What do supply-chain managers increasingly need from their supply chains?

6. What two examples are given of unexpected problems that can affect a supply chain?

7. Why is improving the supply chain such a challenge for the aerospace and defence industries?

8. What is the cost of a large modern aircraft?

9. Why is the cost of failure in the supply chain so high for the aerospace industry?

Exercise 4 Find words or phrases in the article which fit these meanings.

1 companies which sell products to the public (paragraph B)

2 goods or products which are stored and waiting to be sold (paragraph B)

3 another name for a shop (paragraph B)

4 a place to store goods (paragraph B)

5 to buy or get materials, components, etc. (paragraph C)

6 when not enough goods are produced by a manufacturer (paragraph D)

7 send to a different destination (paragraph D)

8 a company that sells to another company (paragraph D)

9 when shops have empty shelves (paragraph E)

10 financial punishments (paragraph E)

11 direct suppliers to a customer (paragraph G)

12 suppliers to the suppliers of a company's direct suppliers, suppliers to those suppliers, etc. (paragraph G)

Exercise 5 Match these words to make noun-noun partnerships from the article

productions	value
manufacturing	goods
market	capacity
industry	costs
production	average
consumer	shortfall

Lesson 21 Modes of Transport

Exercise 1 Match the pictures of transport and handling equipment (a-f) with the words (1-6)

1 Swap-body

2. Container ship

3. Grapple lift

4. Road –railer trailer

5. River barge

6. LGV (large goods vehicle)

Exercise 2 Match the different types of freight traffic (1-6) with the definitions (a-f)

1 multimodal 2 piggyback 3 intermodal 4 unaccompanied 5 block train 6 single-wagon

The driver does not stay with his road vehicle during transport by rail or ferry. Goods are transported in the same loading unit or vehicle using different modes of transport. The handling of the freight itself is not necessary when changing modes. A single shipper uses a whole train which is run directly from the loading point to the destination. No assembling and disassembling is required. Carriage of goods by at least two different modes of transport, e.g. shipping by motor lorry and aircraft. Train is formed out of individual wagons or sets of wagons which have different origins and different destinations. Combines road and rail transport: whole motor lorries, trailers or swap-bodies are carried by rail.

Exercise 3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets

1. How long would it take by barge? – Normally about six days but it often takes __________(long) if the weather is bad.

2. It’s cheap – it’s actually __________ (cheap) of all the transport options.

3. It would only take four days to ship by truck, but the cost would be about 50% _________(high) than by barge

4. Rail would definitely be _________ (fast) than the truck option if we use the express

service that takes three days.

5. But it would also be___________ (expensive) than shipping by road – transport costs are about 40% higher.

6. And then perhaps we'd have to use the standard train, which is much _____________ (slow).

Exercise 4 Match the pictures (a-d) with the names (1-4)

1. gantry crane

2. ISO container

3. reach stacker

4. transtainer

Exercise 5 Now complete the descriptions of intermodal transport and handling equipment with the verbs from the box

fitted • straddle • mounted • loading • attached • reach • handle • piling • made • move

1. A piece of machinery used for ______________ and unloading containers from ships onto

trucks or rail wagons and vice versa. It is rail-mounted and can __________________ at least four

railway tracks. It is motorized and can ______________ parallel to the ship's side.

2 A special type of device which is able to _______________very heavy loads. It is used for

transferring swap-bodies and containers from rail wagons to trucks and vice versa. It has four legs

________________with wheels and a spreader beam which can span a wide area. It can be

________________ on rails or rubber tyres and is able to straddle several rows of containers.

3 A kind of fork lift truck used in container handling. It is equipped with a spreader beam and a lifting

arm and can be used for lifting containers and _______________ them on top of each other. It

is very flexible and has a high stacking and storage capacity as it is able to__________________

beyond the first row of containers to lift a container.

4 A rigid box ________________ of steel which is very common in intermodal freight transport. It

can be used for transport by sea, rail, air, and road. It is available in many different versions and sizes. For example, there are open-top and flat-rack versions. Some of them have wheels or a bogie ____________ to them. The most common lengths are 20, 40, and 45 feet. It is made to the specifications of the International Standards Organization.

Exercise 6 Replace the underlined words with verbs from the box that have the same meaning. Use the correct verb forms

stack • come • run • fix • attach • lift • fit

1 This type of crane is used for raising containers.

2 Containers are available in a variety of versions and sizes.

3 It's a heavy-duty fork lift truck equipped with a spreader beam.

4 With this device you can pile containers on top of each other.

5 Some containers have a bogie fixed to them.

6 This device is mounted on rails.

7 The crane is motorized and able to move alongside the quay.

Exercise7 Complete this crossword puzzle on transport modes with words from the unit

Across

1 Another word for rubbish

4 A device for lifting heavy loads

6 Another word for ship.

7 The opposite of soft or flexible

Down

2 Another word for pipe

3 A container for liquids is a …. container.

4 Kept cool, but not frozen.

5 A container fitted with a cooling system.

Exercise 8 Read and translate the text

Freight Transport Logistics in Europe – the key to sustainable mobility.

Europe's transport policy has been characterized by liberalisation and harmonization over the years. This has slowly shaped the transport system into what it is today. Globalization and the concept of wider Europe create further challenges. The fast growth of freight transport - driven to a large extent by economic decisions - contributes to growth and employment but also causes congestion, accidents, noise, pollution, increased reliance on imported fossil fuels, and energy loss. Infrastructure resources are limited and any disruption in the supply chain (i.e. energy) has necessarily a negative impact on the EU economy. Without adequate measures, the situation will continue worsening and increasingly undermine Europe's competitiveness and the environment that we all live in.

To overcome such problems, Europe's transport system needs to be optimized by means of advanced logistics solutions. Logistics can increase the efficiency of individual modes of transport and their combinations. As a result, fewer units of transport, such as vehicles, wagons, and vessels should carry more freight. Impact on the environment will decrease accordingly.

Rail and inland waterways need to be modernized. Air freight should be more closely integrated in the system. The positive development of short sea shipping should be accelerated. Deep-sea shipping and its hinterland connections need to be enhanced. Shifts to more environmentally friendly modes must be achieved where appropriate, especially on long distance, in urban areas, and on congested corridors.

At the same time each transport mode must be optimized. All modes must become more environmentally friendly, safer, and more energy efficient. Finally, co-modality, i.e. the efficient use of different modes on their own and in combinations, will result in an optimal and sustainable utilization of resources

Exercise 9 Answer the questions

Do you also have to deal with growing freight traffic in your country?

How do you think transport systems could be improved?

How do you think intermodal transport systems can make freight transport more efficient

Lesson 22 Planning and Arranging Transport

Exercise 1 Complete the sentences with the words from the box