New words and expressions:

modern air transport – сучасний повітряний транспорт

craft – судно

safety precautions – передбачення (забезпечення) безпеки

to safe time – економити час

a balloon – повітряна куля

upper atmosphere – верхні шари атмосфери

obtaining – отримання

density – щільність

to carry heavy loads – перевозити важкій вантаж

skilled – кваліфікований

carrying mail – доставляти пошту

bulky – великий, об’ємний, громіздкий

emergency medical work – невідкладна медична допомога

hovercraft – судно на повітряній подушці,

helicopter – гвинтокрил

turbo-jet – реактивний двигун

runway – злітно-посадкова смуга

taking off – злітати

landing – посадка

Exercise 2 Translate the following word combinations into into English.

Повітряні перевезення товарів; невідкладна медична допомога; економія часу; перевезення важких вантажів; напрямок та сила вітру; кваліфіковані пілоти; дуже маленька площа для зльоту та посадки; регулярні повітряні перевезення (громадян) пасажирів; реактивний двигун; брак (нестача) доріг.

Exercise 3 Write summery of the text using the plan:

Modern air transport

Balloons – the earliest form of air transport

Aeroplanes

Helicopters and Hovercraft

Exercise 4 Make from these letters sentences and translate them.

Whilehelicoptersgaininneedingverylittlespacefortakingoffandlandingtheylosebecausethespeedatwhichtheymoveforwardisquitelow. Sotheproblemwastodevelopanaircraftcombiningtheadvantagesofthehelicopterwiththehighspeedofanordinaryaircraft. Ifthedesignerscoulddevelopsuchamachinetheproblemwouldbesolved. Soforthispurposethehovercraftwasdesigned.

Lesson 15 What about air transport?

Exercise 1 Write out the words from the text given below. Memorize them.

Exercise 2 Read the texts and retell them.

People have dreamed about flying for thousands of years, but there weren’t any planes until just over 100 years ago. Before planes, peopte flew in hot-air batloons.

Hot-Air Balloons

How do hot-air balloons fly? Hot air goes up. A fire under the balloon heats the air inside the balloon, so the balloon goes up. In France in 1793, the Montgolfier brothers built the first hot-air balloon for passengers.

Airships

Airships were popular between 1900 and 1940, and they are popular again now. Inside an airship, there's a gas that is lighter than air. This makes the airship stay in the air. Airships have engines and they can fly at 90 kilometers per hour.

Planes

Planes have changed a lot since the first flight by the Wright brothers in 1903. For many years, planes were wooden, and they had two pairs of wings. Today, people make planes from very thin metal and plastics. Airliners can carry hundreds of passengers and their bags. Planes carry freight and letters, too.

Some very rich people have their own small plane.

Concorde was an airliner that flew between 1976 and 2003. It could fly from Europe to the USA in three hours and 20 minutes - twice as fast as other airliners. It flew at 2,140 kilometers per hour.

Note

The biggest airliner is the Airbus A380. It can carry more than 850 passengers. It’s a double-decker and its wings are longer than a soccer pitch!

How Planes Work

Planes usually have engines on the wings. The wings are a special shape. When air goes over the wings fast, the air under the wings pushes the plane up, and it flies. The engines make the plane go very fast.

Pilots sit in the cockpit, at the front of the plane. They use the rudder to turn left and right, and they use the tail flaps to go up and down. The wing flaps control the speed. Passengers sit in the cabin.

Other Types of Aircraft

The Daedalus is a very light plane. A person pedals the plane, like a bicycle.

Helicopters have rotors above the cabin. The rotors lift the helicopter into the air. Helicopters are useful because they can keep still in the air and they can fly in any direction. Planes can only go forward. Planes with skis instead of wheels can land on snow. There are also special seaplanes that can land on

water. Space shuttles and rockets take astronauts and machines into space.

Exercise 3 Paraphrase the sentences according to the model. Translate into Ukrainian

M o d e l: I will buy a car. - I am going to buy a car.

1. The engines will make the plane go very fast.

2. Passengers will sit in the cabin.

3. Space shuttles and rockets will take astronauts and machines into space.

4. Pilots will sit in the cockpit, at the front of the plane.

5. The Daedalus will be a very light plane.

6. The wing flaps will control the speed.

7. The Airbus A380 will be the biggest airliner in Europe.

8. It will carry more than 850 passengers.

9. It will be a double-decker and its wings will be longer than a soccer pitch.

10. People will make planes from very thin metal and plastics

11. A fire under the balloon will heat the air inside the balloon, so the balloon will go up.

12. The Montgolfier brothers will build the first hot-air balloon for passengers.

13. Airships will have engines and they will fly at 90 kilometers per hour.

14. Concorde will be an airliner that will be able to fly from Europe to the USA in three hours and 20 minutes.

15. Helicopters will be useful.

Lesson 16 Transport System of the USA

Exercise 1 Read and translate the text

The development of transport facilities was very important in the growth of the United States. The first travel routes were natural waterways. No surfaced roads existed until the 1790s, when the first turnpikes were built. Besides the overland roads, many canals were constructed between the late 18th century and 1850 to link navigable rivers and lakes in the eastern United States and in the Great Lakes region. Steam railways began to appear in the East in the 1820s. The first transcontinental railway was constructed between 1862 and 1869 by the Union Pacific and Central Pacific companies, both of which received large subsidies from the federal government. Transcontinental railways were the chief means of transport used by European settlers who populated the West in the latter part of the 19th century. The railways continued to expand until 1917, when their length reached a peak of about 407,000 km. Since then motor transport became a serious competitor to the railway both for passengers and freight.

Air transport began to compete with other modes of transport after World War I. Passenger service began to gain importance in 1920s, but not until the beginning of commercial jet craft after World War II did air transport become a leading mode of travel.

During the early 1990s railways annually handled about 37.5 per cent of the total freight traffic; tracks carried 26 per cent of the freight, and oil pipelines conveyed 20 per cent. Approximately 16 per cent was shipped on inland waterways. Although the freight handled by airlines amounted to only 0.4 per cent of the total, much of the cargo consisted of high-priority or high-value items.

Private cars about 81 per cent of passengers. Airlines are the second leading mover of people, carrying more than 17 per cent of passengers. Buses are responsible for 1.1 per cent, and railways carry 0.6 per cent of passengers.

Roads and Railways

The transport network spreads into all sections of the country, but the web of railways and highways is much more dense in the eastern half of the United States.

In the early 1990s the United States had about 6.24 million km of streets, roads, and highways. The National Interstate Highway System, 68,449 km in length in the early 1990s, connected the nation's principal cities and carried about one-fifth of all the road and street traffic.

More than 188 million motor vehicles were registered in the early 1990s. More than three-quarters were cars - one for every two persons in the country. About one-fifth of the vehicles were lorries. Amtrak (the National Railroad Passenger Corporation), a federally subsidized concern, operates almost all the inter-city passenger trains in the United States; it carried more than 22 million passengers annually in the early 1990s.