- •New Possibilities with Bendywood ………………………………….. 86
- •Some Words about Wood
- •I. Learn the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Match the words and word combinations in column a with their English
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. Translate the sentences into
- •IV. Read and translate the text. Some Words about Wood
- •VI. Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below. Use the words only once.
- •VII. Use the word combinations from ex. VI in the following sentences.
- •VIII. Give synonyms to the underlined words using the words from the list.
- •Meet, valuable, effectively, mainly, consider, affect
- •IX. Find in the text opposites to the following words.
- •X. Fill in the correct preposition if necessary and translate the sentences.
- •XI. Match the words with their definitions.
- •XII. One word in each line is odd. Cross this word out, and say why you have
- •XIII. Decide if the following statements are true or false. Correct the wrong
- •XIV. Translate the following sentences into English using the Passive Voice
- •XV. Talking points.
- •Structure of Wood
- •I. Learn the following words and word combinations.
- •II. Match the words and word combinations in column a with their Ukrainian
- •III. Read and translate the following sentences.
- •IV. Read and translate the text. Structure of Wood
- •V. Which of the alternatives has the following meaning:
- •VI. Match the words in column a with their opposites in column b.
- •VII. Complete the sentences with the words from exercise VI.
- •VIII. Match the words and word combinations in column a with the words in
- •IX. Decide if the following statements are true or false. Correct the wrong
- •X. Periphrase the underlined parts of the sentences using the words and word
- •XI. Put the words in the correct order to make up sentences.
- •XII. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •XIII. Answer the following questions.
- •Grain, Texture, and Figure
- •I. Learn the following words and word combinations.
- •II. Match the words and word combinations in column a with their Ukrainian
- •III. Read and translate the following sentences.
- •IV. Read and translate the text.
- •V. Find for the words in column a (types of grain) their definitions in column b.
- •VI. A) Match the word-combinations in column a with their synonyms
- •In column b.
- •VII. Periphrase the underlined parts of the sentences using the words and word-
- •VIII. Each line of words has an odd word or word-combination. Cross out the
- •IX. Decide if the following sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.
- •X. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •XI. Answer the following questions.
- •Defects in Wood
- •I. Learn the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Match words and word combinations in column a with words and word
- •III. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
- •IV. Read and translate the text. Defects in Wood
- •V. Complete the following sentences choosing the best answer a, b, c or d
- •Abnormal artificial suitable (2) distortion stiffness surrounding natural the longitudinal axis
- •VIII. Fill in prepositions. With by to (3) from across in of (2) on for at
- •In column b.
- •XI. Mark the statements t (true) or f (false) according to the information in the
- •XII. Guess the following words and word combinations.
- •XIII. Give the English equivalents.
- •XIV. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •XV. Talking points.
- •Physical, Mechanical and Technological Properties of Wood
- •I. Read and learn the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •III. Read and translate the following sentences.
- •IV. Read and translate the text. Physical, Mechanical and Technological Properties of Wood
- •V. Add the missing letters to the words below. Translate into Ukrainian.
- •VI. Match the words with their definitions.
- •VII. Match the words with the correct prepositions from the list below. If you are
- •From on within by (2) in to below
- •VIII. Complete the sentences using the words and word combinations from the
- •IX. Match the word combinations in a, b and c to make up sentences.
- •X. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false sentences.
- •XI. Put the words in the right order to make questions. Work in pairs: let your
- •XII. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •XIII. Talking points. Work with a partner to discuss the following:
- •How Industry Produces Lumber and Lumber Products
- •I. Learn the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
- •III. Read the text and translate it. How Industry Produces Lumber and Lumber Products
- •Plain-sawn, trimmer, edging, crawler, grain, tree, chain, band, quarter-sawn, squared, sorting, accurate, chain, tree
- •VIII. Fill in the gaps with the verbs from the list changing the grammar form
- •IX. Fill in prepositions where necessary and translate the sentences into
- •X. Match the two parts of the sentences.
- •XI. Decide if the statements are true or false.
- •XII. Give the English equivalents.
- •XIII. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •XIV. Answer the following questions.
- •Drying of Wood
- •I. Read and learn the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Match the English words and word combinations with their Ukrainian
- •III. Read and translate the following text. Drying of Wood
- •IV. Match words in a with the words in b to make a phrase. More than one
- •V. A) Guess the following words and word combinations.
- •VI. Which of the alternatives has the following meaning?
- •VII. Complete sentences by matching the parts in a with parts in b .
- •VIII. Periphrase the underlined parts of the sentences using the words from the
- •X. Put the words in the correct order to make questions. Let your partner
- •XI. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •XII. Talking points. Discuss with your partner:
- •Particleboards
- •I. Learn the following vocabulary.
- •II. Match the English terms with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •III. Read and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •IV. Read and translate the text.
- •V. Which of the alternatives has the following meaning:
- •VI. Match the phrases in a, b and c to make up sentences.
- •VII. Say whether the following sentences are true or false. Correct the wrong
- •VIII. Translate the following sentences into English using the Passive Voice
- •IX. Answer the following questions.
- •I. Learn the following vocabulary:
- •II. Guess the following words using ex. I.
- •III. Use the words from exercise II in the following sentences and translate them:
- •IV. Read and translate the text. Plywood
- •V. Complete the following sentences choosing the best answer a, b, or c according
- •VI. Match the words in column a with the words in column b to make word
- •VII. Use the word combinations from exercise VI in the following sentences.
- •VIII. Fill in the correct preposition if necessary and translate the sentences. Of at to with over upon into against onto under on
- •IX. Match the two parts of the sentences.
- •X. Decide if the following statements are true or false. Correct the wrong
- •XI. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •XII. Talking points.
- •Finishing of Wood
- •I. Learn the following words and word combinations.
- •II. Guess the following words using ex. I.
- •IV. Complete the following sentences choosing the best answer a, b, or c
- •VII. A) Match the words in column a with the words in column b to make a
- •VIII. Match the words with their definitions.
- •IX. Decide if the following statements are true or false. Correct the wrong
- •XI. Translate the following words and word combinations into English.
- •XIII. Talking points.
- •Texts for Supplementary Reading
- •Wood and Its Uses
- •Vocabulary:
- •Sawing Machinery
- •Fibreboard
- •Vocabulary:
- •Paperboard Usage and Making
- •Vocabulary:
- •New Possibilities with Bendywood
- •Vocabulary:
- •Adhesives
- •Vocabulary:
- •Vocabulary:
- •List of Common Wood Species
- •Raised grain рельєфна хвилястість (нерівність поверхні струганої дошки)
- •Warping of wood жолоблення деревини
- •Список використаної літератури
XIII. Answer the following questions.
1. Why are wood cells called fibres ?
2. What is the role of lignin in wood ?
3. Why is dry wood light in weight ?
4. What are the main elements of which wood is composed ?
5. How are the functions of vessels and wood rays different ?
6. How are early wood and latewood characterized?
7. How can we tell the age of a tree ?
8. What does the cross-section of a tree show ?
9. How are sapwood and heartwood characterized ?
10. What can you say about the tree growth ?
Is it the same all the year round ?
Unit 3
Grain, Texture, and Figure
I. Learn the following words and word combinations.
the direction and arrangement of wood fibres – напрям та розташування
деревних волокон
in relation to – відносно до
the longitudinal (long, main) axis of the tree – поздовжна вісь дерева
straight-grained wood – прямошарова деревина (з прямими волокнами)
cross-grained wood – деревина з нахилом волокон
wavy-grained wood – деревина із хвилястою завилькуватістю
curly-grained wood – деревина з плутаною завилькуватістю, із завитками
волокон
interlocked grain – зблоковане спіральне волокно
“bird’s eye” wood – деревина з рисунком типу “пташине око”
to deviate from – відхилятись від
to alternate in direction – чергуватися за напрямом (про волокно)
a slope – нахил (волокна)
to slope – мати нахил
conversion – переробка (розпилювання)
flat-grained (flat-sawn, plainsawn) lumber – пиломатеріал(и) твердолистяних
порід тангентального
розпилювання
slash-grained lumber – пиломатеріал(и) хвойних порід
тангентального розпилювання
quartersawn lumber – пиломатеріал(и) твердолистяних порід радіального
розпилювання
edge-grained (vertical-grained) lumber – пиломатеріал(и) хвойних порід
радіального розпилювання
end-grained wood – текстура на торці, рисунок волокон на торці
face (of a board) – пласть (дошки) : одна з двох ширших поверхонь
end (of a board) – торець (дошки)
edge (of a board) – крайка, ребро (дошки)
raised grain – рельєфна хвилястість, нерівність поверхні (струганої дошки)
rough grain – шорстка, необроблена, грубо розпиляна поверхня
roughness – шорсткість, нерівність поверхні
smooth grain – гладко оброблена поверхня, “ шовковиста” поверхня
coarse-grained (coarse-textured) wood – широкошарова деревина
open-grained wood – крупнопориста текстура
close-grained (fine-grained) wood – дрібношарова деревина (з дрібним
текстурним рисунком, з мало помітними
річними кільцями)
fine-textured wood – дрібнопориста деревина, з малими, близько
розташованими порами
across the face of the plank – упоперек пласті планки
long grain – поздовжнє розташування волокон (як результат поздовжнього
розпилювання)
oblique cut – скісний переріз
short grain – тут: нахил волокон (на скісному перерізі), “косошарість”
thus –так, наприклад, таким чином
wide band – широка смужка