IX. Decide if the following statements are true or false. Correct the wrong

sentences.

1. The properties of cellulose and lignin are the same because they

are made up of the same elements: hydrogen, oxygen and carbon.

2. It is minerals, resins and oils that make wood tough and flexible.

3. Cambium serves as a protective covering for a tree.

4. Sapwood contains both living and dead cells.

5. The wood rays transport sap from the roots to the leaves of a tree.

6. The wood which is formed in spring, is called earlywood.

7. Summerwood is characterized by large and thin-walled cells, which

makes the wood rather porous.

8. The growth of wood is more rapid late in summer.

9. Hardwoods are classified into ring-porous and diffuse-porous.

10. The cells in wood are always living and active.

11. Wood with large cell cavities is not very dense and is easy to work.

X. Periphrase the underlined parts of the sentences using the words and word

combinations from the list.

dense vertically

horizontally transporting

not living and are filled with air earlywood

do not take part in the life process latewood

1. Pores conduct sap from the roots to the leaves in the tree.

2. Wood rays conduct sap in a radial direction.

3. The cells of heartwood are inactive in the tree.

4. Wood which is formed early in the growing season, is called

springwood.

5. Wood which is formed in the late period of the growing season, is

called summerwood.

6. The cells have various functions, such as conducting water and

storing food.

7. The cells in dry wood are dead air cavities.

8. Wood with very small cell cavities is hard and difficult to work.

XI. Put the words in the correct order to make up sentences.

Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. because, long and narrow, cells in wood, are, fibres, are called, they.

2. tough and flexible, lignin, the wood, makes.

3. with small cell cavities, to work, and difficult, woods, are, hard.

4. as cellulose, is composed of, lignin, the same elements.

5. the cross-section, wood, shows, of a tree, the structure, of.

6. wood rays, food, transfer, to pith, from bark.

7. springwood, than summerwood, cells, are larger, cells.

8. vessels, to the leaves, conduct, the roots, from, sap.

9. the roots, and the stem, the tree, three parts, the crown, consist of.

10. cambium, the tree, cell division, in thickness, causes, in, to grow.

XII. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Целюлоза є основним компонентом деревини і складається з

водню, кисню та вуглецю.

2. Властивості лігніну відрізняються від властивостей целюлози.

3. Суха деревина легка по вазі тому, що її клітини порожнисті.

4. Судини проводять деревний сік у вертикальному напрямку: від

коренів до листків.

5. Ядрова деревина, яка є темнішою за кольором ніж заболонь,

складається з неактивних клітин.

6. Пориста деревина поділяється на кільцесудинну і

розсіяно-судинну.

7. Пізня деревина, що наростає влітку, має клітини з товстими

оболонками і формує більш щільну деревину.

8. Рання деревина характеризується великими клітинами з

тонкими оболонками і утворює пористий шар деревини.

9. Кора дерева поділяється на дві частини: зовнішню, яка

складається з мертвих клітин, і внутрішню, яка є тонким

шаром живих клітин.

10. Серцевинні промені накопичують поживні речовини і

транспортують їх у горизонтальному напрямку.