V. Which of the alternatives has the following meaning:

1. The wood which is situated between the cambium layer and heartwood.

a) pith b) sapwood c) bark

2. The cells which run radially within the cross-section of a tree trunk.

a) pores b) annual rings c) wood rays

3. One of the main components of wood which is the cementing layer

between wood cells.

a) cellulose b) lignin c) resin

4. The soft tissue (тканина) which is located in the center of a tree trunk.

a) cambium b) pith c) sap

5. The portion of the growth ring that is formed during the early period

of the growing season.

a) summerwood b) diffuse-porous wood c) springwood

6. Wood cells of large diameter in hardwoods which form continuous

tubes to transport sap vertically in the tree.

a) vessels b) cambium c) bark

7. A thin layer of tissue between the bark and sapwood, the cell division

of which forms new wood and bark cells.

a) heartwood b) hemicellulose c) cambium

8. The layer of wood which is added to a tree during a single growing

season.

a) wood ray b) growth rings c) gum

VI. Match the words in column a with their opposites in column b.

A B

1. rapid a) dead

2. different b) easy

3. thin-walled c) light

4. hard d) thick-walled

5. outer e) slow

6. living f) early

7. dark g) non-porous

8. porous h) inner

9. late i) the same

10. difficult j) soft

VII. Complete the sentences with the words from exercise VI.

Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. In hardwoods wood rays are ____ to see, in softwoods they are ____

to see.

2. Wood from ____ trees does not have ____ qualities.

3. In spring the growth of trees is ____ but in summer the growth is ____

4. The outer part of bark consists of ____ cells, the inner part of bark

is made up of ____ cells.

5. Springwood has ____ cells, while summerwood is characterized

by ____ cells.

6. Wood with very small cell cavities is ____ and ____ to work.

7. The pith of a tree is a ____ tissue near the center of the trunk

8. Hardwoods are ____ species of wood, softwoods are ____ species.

9. ____ - coloured wood is called sapwood, ____ - coloured wood is

called heartwood.

10. The ____ part of bark is a protective covering of a tree, the ____

part of bark is a thin living part which carries food from the leaves

to growing parts of the tree.

VIII. Match the words and word combinations in column a with the words in

column B to make a sentence.

A B

1. Lignin a) the principal component of wood

2. Dry wood b) are dead

3. Dry wood is effective c) to store food before a new

4. Woods with very small cavities growing season

5. The cells are arranged d) holds the fibres together

6. Cellulose is e) is light in weight

7. Cells in dry wood f) thick-walled cells

8. Cell division in cambium g) as heat and sound insulation

9. The porous species are subdivided h) are difficult to work

into i) also called earlywood

10. Springwood is j) parallel to each other

11. Summerwood has k) makes wood grow in diameter

12. The function of wood rays is l) ring-porous and diffuse-porous