Vocabulary:

(1) - шкіра

(2) - кістки

(3) - роги

(4) – альбуміновий клей

(5) – клей гарячого пресування

(6) - термореактивний

(7) – карбамідо-формальдегідний

(8) – розплав (клей)

(9) – холодного затвердіння (клей)

(10) – гарячого затвердіння (клей)

Read and translate the text.

Carpentry and Furniture Making

A carpenter(1) is a skilled worker who performs carpentry(2) – a wide range of woodworking that includes constructing building, furniture, and other objects of wood.

Types of occupation. A finish carpenter, also called a joiner, who does finish carpentry: cabinetry, furniture making, fine working(3), parquetry, joinery(4), or other carpentry where exact joints(5) and minimal mistakes are important. A trim carpenter(6) specializes in molding(7) and trimming such as door and window casing(8), baseboard(9) and other types of ornamental work. Cabinet installer(10) is also called as trim carpenter. A cabinet maker(11) is a carpenter who does fine and detailed work, specializing in making of cabinets.

Furniture making. Furniture is household equipment usually made of wood, metal or plastic. Furniture is usually movable, though it can be built-in, as in kitchens and bathrooms. It is not necessary for furniture to be only domestic – there is office furniture, shop furniture and many others.

Depending on constructional characteristics, furniture is divided into three main types: cabinet-type furniture, structural furniture and upholstery furniture. The cabinets(12) are furniture, the dimensional structure(13) of which is composed of plane(14) and volumetric(15) elements (more than 80 %). Cabinets are used for storage and placing various things. This group includes wardrobes, cupboards, bookcases, and so on. The structural furniture(16) is created by means of linear elements (more than 80%). This group includes items such as chairs, stools, benches, tables and hall-stands. The upholstery furniture(17) is characterized by the dimensional structure which is created by combination of complex curved planes and soft elements. There is another type of furniture which can be called as combination furniture, the dimensional structure of which is composed of combination of linear, plane, soft, and other elements. This group includes sofas, sofa-beds, desks, dressing tables.

Cabinet making is the practice of using various woodworking skills to create cabinets. Cabinet making involves techniques such as creating appropriate joints, dados(18), bevels(19), the use of finishing tools such as a router(20) to create decorative edgings and so on. The basic load-bearing element(21) of cabinets is a box-type carcass (also called cabinet skeleton frame) which consists of the top and bottom horizontal panels, side walls(22), divisions(23), and carcass backs.

Types of cabinets. A cabinet may be built-in or free-standing. A built-in cabinet is usually custom made and is fixed into position on a floor, against a wall, or framed in an opening. Cabinets may be wall hung. Cabinets may have a face frame or may be of frameless construction (also known as European style). Modern cabinets are often frameless and are typically constructed from man-made sheet mate-rials, such as plywood and particleboard. The visible surfaces of these materials are usually faced with veneer or plastic laminate. They may also be painted. A cabinet usually has at

least one compartment. Compartments may be open as in open shelving: they may be enclosed by one or more doors, or they can contain one or more drawers.

The modern furniture industry is like many other industries in which mechanization and mass production take place in the manufacturing process. Timber is cut to usable sizes in sawmills and dried to the required moisture content in a kiln drying areas. After drying, the wood moves to the planing and jointing shops where it is reduced to the required sections and wooden parts are joined into structural members. It is then passed to the assembly shop. Furniture assembly lines usually do not move continuously, the work is normally pushed by hand over a series of rollers when each stage is finished. Next stages are the sanding, finishing, fitting and finally inspection and shipping.

The use of natural wood has declined greatly over the years. Natural wood tends to swell and shrink with changes in atmospheric humidity. It has also become very expensive. As a result furniture is mostly made from plywood, particleboards, plastic and metal, with the use of natural wood in the form of veneer as facing material.