Vocabulary:

(1) – деревноволокниста плита (ДВП)

(2) – плита середньої щільності (MDF)

(3) – природна міцність деревини

(4) – подрібнення стиранням

(5) - розмелювання

(6) – просочування водою

(7) - пропарювання

(8) – зв’язки

(9) - млин

(10) - ущільнений

(11) – плити, виготовлені сухим способом виробництва

(12) - плити, виготовлені мокрим способом виробництва

(13) – зв’язуючі (матеріали)

(14) – зв’язок

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Paperboard Usage and Making

In 1886 one American pastry-cook firm(1) surprised its customers by the usage of the packing material. Pastry was packed into little paper board boxes. This novelty developed rapidly and became a separate branch of industry. Boxes made of paperboard (2) protect the contents from mechanical damage and shaking. They stand up to an impact and shock compression. Paperboard package is resistant to low temperatures retaining its original properties.

Board is a laminated material. It may consist of 2, 3, 5 or 7 layers. Usually board is made of bleached or unbleached pulps(3), white or brown groundwood pulp(4). Sometimes it may be manufactured from waste paper. It is common practice to coat board with special pastes.

Paperboard is made in cylinder machines. Wire-covered cylinders(5) revolve in vats(6) containing fibres suspended in water. The fibres collect on the screen(7) as the water flows through. By using a number of cylinders a multi-ply(8) sheet is formed. From the wire, or from the wire-covered cylinders the wet sheet of pulp passes to a belt of woolen felt(9) which carries it through many pairs of heavy rollers. These rollers press out more water, and the felt absorbs much of the remaining moisture.

Now strong enough to sustain its own weight the fast-moving sheet of paperboard leaves the woolen felt and enters the dry end of the paper-machine(10). Here it passes through a long series of rotating cylinders(11), called dryers(12). Paperboard moves over these rollers at high speed. On these dryer rollers nearly all the water is removed.

Vocabulary:

(1) – кондитерська фабрика

(2) – картон

(3) – невибілена паперова маса

(4) – деревна маса (мелена)

(5) – сітковий циліндр

(6) – ванни

(7) – сортувальна сітка

(8) – багатошаровий

(9) – стрічка з сукна

(10) – суха частина папероробної машини

(11) – ряд циліндрів, що обертаються

(12) – сушильні циліндри

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New Possibilities with Bendywood

Bendywood is a solid hardwood that can be easily bent in a cold and dry state. It can be worked like normal wood and can offer a better finished product as compared to traditional wood bending techniques(1).

Handrails can be bent into shape, furniture details can be profiled and then bent and glued in place and sculptural wooden forms can be created quickly and with ease.

Bendywood offers new possibilities for designer and manufacturers. It is available in beech, ash, oak and maple, and no chemicals are used in the production process. It can be bent in the cold dry state to a radius of about ten times its thickness – for example, a 10 mm thick board can be bent to a radius of 100 mm.

The production techniques involve steaming(2) and then compressing hardwood along its length. This process compresses the cell walls at microscopic level and then allows the cell walls to straighten out(3) again on the outside of a bent.

Thin sections can be bent by hand, thicker sections need more force to bend them. These include using mechanical rolling machines which are commonly used for metalwork. When using a rolling bending machine, the following rules should be observed(4):

• Rollers must be exactly the correct diameter, for example, a 40 mm handrail(5) can’t be bent with 42 mm rollers.

• Always work slowly. A difficult bent should be worked very gradually, so that the wood can adjust to the new shape without breaking.

• We suggest wiping the surface of the bendywood with a damp cloth before bending with the bending machine. This makes it adhere better to the rollers of the machine.

If a bent is difficult it is important to raise the moisture content to about 16 per cent before bending. This can be done by putting the bendywood between two layers of moist carboards for a day or two and wrapping in a plastic sheet to keep the moisture in. But you should avoid actual contact with the carboard. This is called “Sandwich method”. The length of bendywood increases with moisture content, so it is very important to check that it is fully dry (to 6-10 per cent) before glueng and fixing. The force of shrinkage is great. If it is fixed while it is still too wet, it will break. Bendywood can be finished like normal wood but water-based stains and glues should be avoided.