Finishing of Wood

I. Learn the following words and word combinations.

to finish – обробляти, опоряджувати

finishing – опорядження (процес)

finishing material, finish – опоряджувальний матеріал

to maintain – підтримувати, зберігати

wear – стирання, зношування

soiling – забруднення

staining – забарвлення, моріння

substrate – нижній шар, основа, підкладка

paint – фарба

highly pigmented – інтенсивно забарвлений

film-forming – плівкоутворюючий

coat – покриття

lacquer – лак (на целюлозній або полімерній основі)

resin – смола

nitrocellulose – нітроцелюлоза

plasticizer –пластифікатор

solvent – розчинник

water-proof – водонепроникний

opaque – непрозорий

transparent, clear – прозорий, безбарвний

glossy – глянсовий, блискучий

dull – матовий

varnish – лак (на масляній або спиртовій основі)

enamel – емаль

distinct layers – окремі шари

to dissolve – розчиняти

to sand smoothly – шліфувати до рівної, гладкої поверхні

wax – віск

to rub – шліфувати, натирати, полірувати

rubbing – шліфування, натирання

to bring out – виявити

lustre – блиск, глянс

paste form of wax – пастоподібний віск

to scratch – дряпатись

to penetrate – проникати

oil – олія

application – нанесення (фарби, лаку і т.д.)

to apply – наносити (шар фарби, лаку і т.д.), застосовувати

to apply with brush – наносити (шар фарби, лаку і т.д.) за допомогою щітки

to apply (paint, varnish, enamel, wax, etc.) to a surface – покрити поверхню

(фарбою, лаком, емаллю, воском, і т.д.)

to coat with (lacquer, enamel, paint, etc.) – покривати (лаком, емаллю,

фарбою іт.д.)

coating – (поверхневе) покриття, покривний шар, нанесення покриття

linseed oil – льняна олія

tung oil – тунгова олія

mildew – пліснява, цвіль

stain – барвник, морилка

to stain – забарвлювати, протравлювати морилкою

oil stain –морилка, барвник на олійній основі

water stain – водорозчинний барвник

to dilute with – розводити, розріджувати

turpentine – скипидар

paint thinner – розчинник, розріджувач (фарби)

dye – органічна барвна речовина

liquid – рідина

II. Guess the following words using ex. I.

1. R . . . n 8. . t . . n

2. . n . . . l 9. f . . . . h

3. . . x 10. l . . q . . .

4. t . . g . . l 11. p . . . t . . t .

5. v . . . . . h 12. c . . . . . g

6. d . s . . . v . 13. n . . r . . . l . . . o . .

7. s . . . . n . 14. p . . . . . . . d

III. Read and translate the text.

Wood Finishes

Products of wood usually need protection from wear, soiling, staining, moisture, weather, or heat. Such protection is provided by wood finishes. Wood finishes also help maintain a certain appearance, and provide a cleanable surface.

Wood and wood-based products can be finished effectively by many different methods. Selection of a finish depends on the appearance, and the desired degree of protection, and on the substrates which were used.

Nowadays, we use a lot of natural and synthetic wood finishing materials: waxes, oils, lacquers, varnishes, enamels, paints, and stains.

Paints are highly pigmented film-forming coatings that give the most protection to wood from weathering, moisture, strong chemicals, soiling, wear, fire, insects, and

fungi. Paints also offer the widest selection of colors and provide a cleanable surface.

Lacquers are transparent synthetic coatings made of nitrocellulose, resins, plasticizer, and solvent. Lacquers are widely used as industrial finishes and are especially fine on wood furniture. Most lacquers are sprayed on because they dry very rapidly. They are water-proof, and available in transparent and opaque colors, and in glossy or dull surfaces. Lacquer should be applied in thin coats for best results.

Varnish and enamel finishes are essentially the same, except that enamels have

pigment. These finishes usually dry more slowly than lacquers, but some synthetics dry as quickly as lacquers do. Enamels are durable and water-proof, and are easy to apply with a brush. When enamels and varnishes are applied, they make up distinct layers coat by coat. They don’t dissolve together as lacquers do. Each coat should be sanded smooth before the next coat is applied.

Wax finishes. Waxes can produce beautiful, durable finishes. It takes much rubbing to bring out the characteristic dull lustre. The paste form of wax is preferred. It is used for furniture. The wood should be sanded as smoothly as possible if a lustre is desired. Four or five coats will give a good finish which does not scratch. It is easily maintained too. However, the only finish that can be applied over wax is more wax.

Oil finishes, such as linseed oil or tung oil penetrate deeply into the wood and give a more “natural” look to the wood. Rubbing is necessary to bring out the beauty, and the more coats, the more beautiful the finish. This finish should be protected by wax. Oil finishes are not recommended for exterior use because as natural products they provide food for mildew.

Wood stains. The color of a wood can be changed by the application of a stain. The most common types of wood stains are the oil stains and the water stains. Oil stains are diluted with turpentine or paint thinner and are easier to apply. Water stains consist of water and dye. They penetrate deeply and are the most economical to use. Stains are usually applied before other finishing materials. Stains alone are not complete finishes. They are covered with other transparent finishes such as varnish, lacquer, or wax.