II. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.

1. The logs are dragged out of the woods with crawler tractors.

2. With a powerful chain saw , men fell a tree, remove the limbs, and buck

it into sawlogs.

2. The squared timber is run through the resaw which saws it into several

boards.

2. Edging saws cut the boards to standard width and trimmer saws cut boards to standard length.

5. Quarter-sawn lumber holds its shape better than plain-sawn lumber.

III. Read the text and translate it. How Industry Produces Lumber and Lumber Products

From the planting of seeds to the production of boards lumber manufacture has become a huge industry. Today the supply of trees doesn’t depend completely on nature because the lumber industry looks after the production of trees as well as of lumber. The planting of seeds is done by dropping them from low-flying airplanes, especially in burnt-out areas where nothing grows. In tree nurseries seeds are planted by machine. Seedlings are planted by mechanical tree planters.

The selection of trees to be harvested is done by trained foresters. These trees are

marked and are then cut by teams of fellers. With a powerful chain saw, fellers fell a tree, remove the limbs, and buck it into sawlogs. These logs are dragged out of the woods with crawler tractors and loaded onto trucks, and transported to the sawmill.

At the sawmill the logs are kept in a log yard until they are needed. They are pulled by a chain conveyor onto a carriage into a framesaw. The saw operator decides how the log should be sawn. In a carriage, the log moves back and forth through the blade of the headsaw. In the larger sawmills this is a huge band saw, in others a

circular saw. Then the squared timber is run through the resaw which saws it into several boards. Edging saws now cut the boards to standard width and trimmer saws cut the boards to standard length. From the mill the lumber is moved to the sorting shed, where it is graded.

Making Lumber. Lumber is sawn into numerous sizes, dried, trimmed to length and width, sized to accurate dimensions, planed or surfaced, and treated with chemicals to protect it from fire, decay, and insects.

How Lumber is Sawn. There are two basic methods for sawing lumber from logs. When boards are sawn off with cuts made at right angles to the wood rays, and tangent to the rings, they are plain-sawn. When the cuts are made from the bark to the center of the log, the lumber is quarter-sawn. Plain-sawn lumber has less waste when it is cut. It dries more quickly and in some woods produces the most beautiful grain pattern. Quarter-sawn lumber holds its shape better, wears more evenly, and in some woods produces the greatest beauty.

IV. Complete the following sentences choosing the best answer a, b, c or d

according to the text.

1. The planting of seeds is done by …

1. fellers;

2. sawmill workers;

3. dropping them from low-flying airplanes;

4. a saw operator.

2. Fellers fell a tree and remove the limbs …

1. with crawler tractors;

2. with a powerful chain saw;

3. with a circular saw;

4. by mechanical planters.

3. In the sawmill the logs are pulled by a chain conveyor …

1. to tree nurseries;

2. to the fellers;

3. onto a carriage into a framesaw to be cut into boards;

4. to the trim saw.

4.Trimmer saws …

1. plane the boards;

2. convey the lumber to the sorting shed;

3. cut the boards to standard length;

4. cut the boards to standard width.

5. Lumber is …

1. sawn into logs;

2. sawn into accurate dimensions, planed or surfaced and treated with chemicals;

3. sawn into numerous sizes, dried, trimmed to length and width;

4. planted by foresters;

6. Plain-sawn lumber …

1. wears more evenly and produces the greatest beauty;

2. holds its shape better;

3. dries more quickly;

d) has more waste when it is cut.

V. Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below and find in column B the most

appropriate Ukrainian equivalent.