VIII. Fill in prepositions. With by to (3) from across in of (2) on for at

1. Decay is caused ____ fungi.

2. Cross grain is the deviation of wood fibres ____ a direction parallel

____ the longitudinal axis ___ a piece of wood.

3. Wood ____ moisture content less than 19% won’t decay owing ___

the lack of sufficient moisture ___ fungi development.

4. Cracks run ____ the rings and usually appear ___ the ends of a board.

5. Pitch pocket is characteristic ___ pines, spruces, etc.

6. Discoloured streaks have little effect ___ the strength of the wood.

7. Compression wood is more or less dark-reddish ___ brown ___ colour.

IX. Match the words and word combinations in column A with their definitions

In column b.

A B

1. beam a) destruction of wood substance caused by

2. knot action of fungi

3. pitch pocket b) longitudinal separation of a piece of wood

4. check which extends from one surface through

5. decay the piece of wood to the opposite surface

6. compression wood c) a branch or limb implanted in the tree and

7. shrinkage cut through the process of lumber manufacture

d) an opening between growth rings which

usually contains resin

e) abnormal wood that is formed on the under

side of leaning and crooked coniferous

trees

f) a longitudinal separation of the wood

which normally occurs across

or through the growth rings

g) a large structural member, usually larger

than 5 inches in width and thickness, used

horizontally to support a load

h) the amount of dimensional loss of a piece

of wood when it has been seasoned in

some manner

X. Fill in the gaps with words and word combinations chosen from those in

brackets below.

1. ____ is a limb or a branch implanted in the tree and cut through the

process of _____.

(crook, pitch pocket, rotten knot, lumber manufacture, knot, wood)

2. Organisms known as ____ cause ____ of timber or ____ .

(insects, bird pecks, destruction, fungi, cross grain, discoloration, decay)

3. The ____ of wood fibres from a direction parallel to the

longitudinal axis of a piece of wood is called ____ .

( face, cross grain, deviation, compression wood, irregular grain)

4. ____ is the amount of ____ of a piece of wood when it has been ____.

( seasoned, caused, shrinkage, curvature, dimensional loss, growth, cup)

5. ____ is ____ and denser than other wood and is characterized by little

contrast between ____ and summerwood.

( spring, hardwood, lower, longitudinal shrinkage, compression wood,

harder)

6. ____ is separation of wood along the grain, primarily between or within

____.

(shear failure, across, shake, streaks, spiral grain, twist, growth rings).