- •New Possibilities with Bendywood ………………………………….. 86
- •Some Words about Wood
- •I. Learn the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Match the words and word combinations in column a with their English
- •III. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. Translate the sentences into
- •IV. Read and translate the text. Some Words about Wood
- •VI. Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below. Use the words only once.
- •VII. Use the word combinations from ex. VI in the following sentences.
- •VIII. Give synonyms to the underlined words using the words from the list.
- •Meet, valuable, effectively, mainly, consider, affect
- •IX. Find in the text opposites to the following words.
- •X. Fill in the correct preposition if necessary and translate the sentences.
- •XI. Match the words with their definitions.
- •XII. One word in each line is odd. Cross this word out, and say why you have
- •XIII. Decide if the following statements are true or false. Correct the wrong
- •XIV. Translate the following sentences into English using the Passive Voice
- •XV. Talking points.
- •Structure of Wood
- •I. Learn the following words and word combinations.
- •II. Match the words and word combinations in column a with their Ukrainian
- •III. Read and translate the following sentences.
- •IV. Read and translate the text. Structure of Wood
- •V. Which of the alternatives has the following meaning:
- •VI. Match the words in column a with their opposites in column b.
- •VII. Complete the sentences with the words from exercise VI.
- •VIII. Match the words and word combinations in column a with the words in
- •IX. Decide if the following statements are true or false. Correct the wrong
- •X. Periphrase the underlined parts of the sentences using the words and word
- •XI. Put the words in the correct order to make up sentences.
- •XII. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •XIII. Answer the following questions.
- •Grain, Texture, and Figure
- •I. Learn the following words and word combinations.
- •II. Match the words and word combinations in column a with their Ukrainian
- •III. Read and translate the following sentences.
- •IV. Read and translate the text.
- •V. Find for the words in column a (types of grain) their definitions in column b.
- •VI. A) Match the word-combinations in column a with their synonyms
- •In column b.
- •VII. Periphrase the underlined parts of the sentences using the words and word-
- •VIII. Each line of words has an odd word or word-combination. Cross out the
- •IX. Decide if the following sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.
- •X. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •XI. Answer the following questions.
- •Defects in Wood
- •I. Learn the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Match words and word combinations in column a with words and word
- •III. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
- •IV. Read and translate the text. Defects in Wood
- •V. Complete the following sentences choosing the best answer a, b, c or d
- •Abnormal artificial suitable (2) distortion stiffness surrounding natural the longitudinal axis
- •VIII. Fill in prepositions. With by to (3) from across in of (2) on for at
- •In column b.
- •XI. Mark the statements t (true) or f (false) according to the information in the
- •XII. Guess the following words and word combinations.
- •XIII. Give the English equivalents.
- •XIV. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •XV. Talking points.
- •Physical, Mechanical and Technological Properties of Wood
- •I. Read and learn the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •III. Read and translate the following sentences.
- •IV. Read and translate the text. Physical, Mechanical and Technological Properties of Wood
- •V. Add the missing letters to the words below. Translate into Ukrainian.
- •VI. Match the words with their definitions.
- •VII. Match the words with the correct prepositions from the list below. If you are
- •From on within by (2) in to below
- •VIII. Complete the sentences using the words and word combinations from the
- •IX. Match the word combinations in a, b and c to make up sentences.
- •X. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false sentences.
- •XI. Put the words in the right order to make questions. Work in pairs: let your
- •XII. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •XIII. Talking points. Work with a partner to discuss the following:
- •How Industry Produces Lumber and Lumber Products
- •I. Learn the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
- •III. Read the text and translate it. How Industry Produces Lumber and Lumber Products
- •Plain-sawn, trimmer, edging, crawler, grain, tree, chain, band, quarter-sawn, squared, sorting, accurate, chain, tree
- •VIII. Fill in the gaps with the verbs from the list changing the grammar form
- •IX. Fill in prepositions where necessary and translate the sentences into
- •X. Match the two parts of the sentences.
- •XI. Decide if the statements are true or false.
- •XII. Give the English equivalents.
- •XIII. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •XIV. Answer the following questions.
- •Drying of Wood
- •I. Read and learn the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Match the English words and word combinations with their Ukrainian
- •III. Read and translate the following text. Drying of Wood
- •IV. Match words in a with the words in b to make a phrase. More than one
- •V. A) Guess the following words and word combinations.
- •VI. Which of the alternatives has the following meaning?
- •VII. Complete sentences by matching the parts in a with parts in b .
- •VIII. Periphrase the underlined parts of the sentences using the words from the
- •X. Put the words in the correct order to make questions. Let your partner
- •XI. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •XII. Talking points. Discuss with your partner:
- •Particleboards
- •I. Learn the following vocabulary.
- •II. Match the English terms with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •III. Read and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •IV. Read and translate the text.
- •V. Which of the alternatives has the following meaning:
- •VI. Match the phrases in a, b and c to make up sentences.
- •VII. Say whether the following sentences are true or false. Correct the wrong
- •VIII. Translate the following sentences into English using the Passive Voice
- •IX. Answer the following questions.
- •I. Learn the following vocabulary:
- •II. Guess the following words using ex. I.
- •III. Use the words from exercise II in the following sentences and translate them:
- •IV. Read and translate the text. Plywood
- •V. Complete the following sentences choosing the best answer a, b, or c according
- •VI. Match the words in column a with the words in column b to make word
- •VII. Use the word combinations from exercise VI in the following sentences.
- •VIII. Fill in the correct preposition if necessary and translate the sentences. Of at to with over upon into against onto under on
- •IX. Match the two parts of the sentences.
- •X. Decide if the following statements are true or false. Correct the wrong
- •XI. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •XII. Talking points.
- •Finishing of Wood
- •I. Learn the following words and word combinations.
- •II. Guess the following words using ex. I.
- •IV. Complete the following sentences choosing the best answer a, b, or c
- •VII. A) Match the words in column a with the words in column b to make a
- •VIII. Match the words with their definitions.
- •IX. Decide if the following statements are true or false. Correct the wrong
- •XI. Translate the following words and word combinations into English.
- •XIII. Talking points.
- •Texts for Supplementary Reading
- •Wood and Its Uses
- •Vocabulary:
- •Sawing Machinery
- •Fibreboard
- •Vocabulary:
- •Paperboard Usage and Making
- •Vocabulary:
- •New Possibilities with Bendywood
- •Vocabulary:
- •Adhesives
- •Vocabulary:
- •Vocabulary:
- •List of Common Wood Species
- •Raised grain рельєфна хвилястість (нерівність поверхні струганої дошки)
- •Warping of wood жолоблення деревини
- •Список використаної літератури
VIII. Each line of words has an odd word or word-combination. Cross out the
odd one and say why you have done this.
1. cross grain, wavy grain, straight grain
2. smooth grain, raised grain, fine grain, rough grain
3. flat-sawn, plain-sawn, quarter-sawn
4. coarse-grained wood, open-grained wood, close-grained wood,
curly-grained wood
5. converting, sawing, planing, cutting.
IX. Decide if the following sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.
1. In cross-grained wood, the fibres are arranged parallel to the main axis of
the tree.
2. In interlocked-grained wood, fibres change their direction several times over
years.
3. “Raised” grain characterizes the direction of wood fibres in the tree.
4. Close-grained wood has wide annual rings which can be easily seen.
5. All hardwoods have the same ornamental figure on the surface of the wood.
6. The sizes of cells in early wood and latewood are not different.
7. Flat-grained lumber is produced by radial cutting of the log.
8. The cut which is made parallel to the wood rays, produces quarter-sawn
lumber.
9. Open-grained wood and fine-textured wood have small pores.
10. The roughness of the wood surface is characterized by curly grain.
X. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Коли деревні волокна відхиляються від лінії, паралельної до поздовжньої
поверхні зразка деревини (a piece of wood), то така деревина
називається деревиною з нахилом волокон.
2. Прикладом деревини із плутаною завилькуватістю є деревина типу
“пташине око”.
3. Орнаментальний малюнок деревини – це комбінація різноманітних
структурних характеристик: деревних променів, неправильної форми
річних кілець, мінливості кольору.
4. Деревина із зблокованим волокном – це така деревина, в якій нахил
деревних волокон змінюється декілька разів протягом років.
5. “Шовковиста поверхня” є ознакою гладко обробленої поверхні деревини.
6. Широкошарова деревина характеризується значною різницею між
ранньою та пізньою деревиною.
7. Деревина із вузькими, нечіткими річними кільцями називається
дрібношаровою деревиною.
8. У прямошаровій деревині деревні волокна розташовані паралельно до
поздовжньої осі дерева.
9. Якщо колоду розпиляти по дотичній до річних кілець, ми отримуємо
пиломатеріали тангентального розпилювання.
10. Рельєфна хвилястість є ознакою шорсткості поверхні деревини.
XI. Answer the following questions.
1. What is the term “grain” normally used for ?
2. What is the term “texture” concerned with ?
3. How is interlocked-grained wood characterized?
4. How is quarter-sawn lumber produced ?
5. When is lumber considered as flat-sawn ?
6. How are straight-grained wood and cross-grained wood different ?
7. How are fine-textured wood and open-grained different ?
8. What are the two principal ways of cutting a log? Explain the difference
between them.
9. Do the terms “curly” grain and “wavy” grain have the same meaning?
10. How does the way of cutting a log influence the grain?
Unit 4