V. Find for the words in column a (types of grain) their definitions in column b.

A B

1. straight grain a) wood fibres are not parallel to the main axis, they

slope

2. interlocked grain b) wood fibres have circular appearance

3. curly grain c) wood fibres have the form of waves

4. wavy grain d) wood fibres have slope and this slope changes its

5. cross-grain direction several times over years

e) wood fibres are arranged parallel to the main axis

of the tree

f) wood fibres are very short and thick

VI. A) Match the word-combinations in column a with their synonyms

In column b.

A B

1. coarse-grained wood a) plainsawn lumber

2. close-grained wood b) open-grained wood

3. flat-grained lumber c) vertical-grained lumber

4. edge-grained lumber d) diagonal grained wood

5. cross-grained wood e) fine-grained wood

b) Complete the sentences using the synonyms from a)

1. The cut which is tangential to the growth rings of the log produces ­­­­­_____ ,

or, _____ , lumber in hardwoods.

2. The cut which is parallel to the wood rays produces _____ , or _____ ,

lumber in softwoods.

3. The wood with wide annual rings in which there is considerable difference

between early wood and latewood is called _____ , or _____ , wood.

4. The wood in which fibres are not parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tree

is called _____ , or ______ , wood.

5. The wood with small and closely packed pores is called _____ , or _____ ,

wood.

VII. Periphrase the underlined parts of the sentences using the words and word-

combinations in the box.

alternates the cut perpendicular to

at the right angle to the wood rays the way the log is sawn

run in the direction of at the right angle to the annual rings

closely spaced

1. When the cut is tangential to the annual rings, we get plain-sawn lumber.

2. The right-hand and left-hand fibres slopes in interlocked-grained wood

changes one after the other over years.

3. The type of grain also depends on the methods of conversion.

4. In straight-grained wood, fibres are arranged parallel to the main axis of the

tree.

5. We get quarter-sawn lumber when the log is sawn parallel to the wood rays.

6. Coarse-grained wood is characterized by alternation of large open pores of

springwood with densely packed fibres of summerwood.

7. The straight cut across the face of the board will show “end grain”.