II. Match the words and word combinations in column a with their Ukrainian

equivalents in column B.

A B

1. smooth grain a) пиломатеріал(и) радіального

розпилювання

2. curly grain b) широкошарова деревина

3. interlocked grain c) прямошарова деревина

4. coarse-textured wood d) рельєфна хвилястість (поверхні)

5. straight-grained wood e) дрібношарова деревина

6. plainsawn lumber f) зблоковане спіральне волокно

7. quarter-sawn lumber g) плутана завилькуватість

8. close-grained wood h) завилькувата деревина

9. wavy-grained wood i) пиломатеріал(и) тангентального

розпилювання (для листяних порід)

10. raised grain J) шовковиста, гладко оброблена поверхня

11. cross-grained wood k) крупнопориста текстура

12. open-grained wood l) деревина з нахилом волокон

III. Read and translate the following sentences.

1. The characteristics of grain depend on the direction and arrangement of wood

fibres in relation to the longitudinal axis of the tree.

2. In straight-grained wood, the fibres are arranged parallel to the main axis.

3. Diagonal, or spiral grain, is called cross grain.

4. “Bird’s eye” wood is an example of curly grain.

5. The wood layers in a tree may alternate in direction.

6. The term “grain” is also used in connection with method of conversion of a

log.

7. The cut which is made parallel to the wood rays produces a quarter-sawn

lumber.

8. Wood with considerable difference between early wood and latewood is called

coarse-grained wood.

9. Open-grained wood is a wood with large open pores.

10. Close-grained wood have narrow, not definite annual rings.

IV. Read and translate the text.

Grain and Texture

The terms “grain” and “texture” are often used interchangeably. However, when we speak about the direction and arrangement of wood fibres in relation to the longitudinal axis of the tree or of the sawn plank, the term “grain” is used as a synonym for fibre direction.

When wood fibers are arranged parallel to the main axis of the tree or a piece of wood, the wood is called straight-grained wood. Cross-grained wood is wood in which the fibres deviate from a line parallel to the sides of the piece of wood. Cross grain may be either diagonal or spiral grain or the combination of the two. Wavy-grained wood is wood in which fibres take the form of waves but they run more or less parallel to the main axis. Curly grain is a grain pattern which has a definite curly, circular appearance, as in “bird’s eye” wood, for example, in maple. Interlocked grain is grain in which the fibres slope in one direction for several years, then for a number of years the slope of the fibres reverses the direction, thus, the layers of wood alternate in direction. Such wood is difficult to plane, for example elm.

All these grain arrangements happen naturally in the tree. In addition, the term “grain” is also used in connection with methods of conversion. Thus, a straight cut across the face of the plank will show “end grain”, and cuts parallel to the long axis produce “long grain” lumber, and oblique cuts produce “ short grain” lumber.

Generally speaking, lumber can be cut from a log in two principal ways:

1. tangential to the annual rings, which produces flat-grained (flat-sawn), or plainsawn, lumber in hardwoods; and slash-grained lumber, in softwoods.

2. radially, from the pith and parallel to the wood rays, producing quarter-sawn

lumber in hardwoods, and edge-grained, or vertical-grained, lumber in softwoods.

The terms “rough” grain, “raised” grain, “smooth” grain describe only the finished surface, they characterize the roughness of the wood surface.

Texture of the wood is concerned with the relative size and arrangement of the cells in relation to one another. Thus, wood with wide definite annual rings in which there is considerable difference between early wood and latewood (they have different kinds and sizes of wood cells), is called coarse-grained wood, or coarse- textured wood. Coarse- textured woods are ash, oak, elm, and others. Coarse texture can result from wide bands of large pores, such as in oak, but in this sense the term “open-grained” is more often used. Wood with narrow, not definite annual rings is called close-grained wood. This term is also used for wood which has small and closely spaced pores, but in this sense the term “ fine-textured” is more often used.

Structural characteristics: wood rays, pronounced irregular growth rings, variations in colour or texture, knots and abnormalities – all produce the ornamental “figure” on the surface of the wood. This is of great importance to the furniture maker. All these natural characteristics can be further developed by the method of conversion.