4. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты слов и словосочетаний:

в китайских исторических текстах, первый русский мореплаватель расположено в рифтовой долине, кора земли, пресноводное озеро, зона разлома, сейсмоактивный, горячие источники землетрясения.

The Salt lake “Razval” in Sol'-Ilezk. Sol'-Ilezk is a small town in the Orenburg region, located near the border between Russia and Kazakhstan. The salt and mud lakes are the main town sights. In April 1906 a pit named “Razval” was flood by spring freshet, later water turned into high concentrated leach possessing 305 g/l salinity. The structure of the leach is similar to a composition of underground mineral water of Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA), Solar Lake (Sinai Peninsula, Israel), medical springs in Wiesbaden (Germany), and Dead Sea (Israel and Jordan). The place is also famous for its perfect sweet melons and watermelons.

5. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты слов и словосочетаний: грязь, затоплен, карьер, рапа, дыни и арбузы, весенние паводковые воды.

6. О каких достопримечательностях России Вы рассказали бы своим зарубежным друзьям? в каких местах Вы были? Какие города посетили?

Text 5.

1.Прочитайте тексты о выдающихся личностях Великобритании и угадайте, о ком идёт речь в каждом тексте.

Проверьте свою догадку по ключам, данным после текстов.

Famous People of Great Britain.

There are many outstanding people in Great Britain. Britain produced statesmen, thinkers, explorers, musicians, writers, scientists and other people who are well known around the world.

1 - He was one of the greatest men in the history of science. He was born in 1642 in a little village Lincolnshire. He studied mathematics at the Cambridge University. His contribution to physics astronomy and maths is so great that he may be considered the founder of the modern mathematics, and physics. He discovered the law of motion (движение) and the universal law of gravitation. He studied the nature of light and colour and came to the conclusion that white colour consists of many different colours known as spectrum. He died when he was 84 and was buried at Westminster Abbey.

2 – He was born in the beginning of the 19th century. He was a great biologist. He developed the idea of evolution of all living things from simpler creatures (созданий) and created (создал) a new theory of evolution. We learn his theory at school at biology-lessons. He had written two most famous books "The Origin of Species" and "The Descent of Man"-"Происхождение Разновидностей" и "Происхождение человека". He was buried in Westminster Abbey, among the greatest English scientists.

3 – He was an English chemist and physicist. He was born at the end of the 17th century. He was interested in electricity very much and spent long months studding this strange force. He was the discoverer of electromagnetic induction, of the law of relations between light and magnetism. So he opened many laws of electricity and magnetism.

4 – He was - the great pioneer of nuclear physics - received the Nobel Prize in 1908 for his investigations into decay of elements chemistry of radiated substances. He - a famous English physicist - worked in the field of radioactivity. His brilliant researches established (открыли, учредили) the existence and nature of radioactive transformations. He was one of the founders of the atomic theory of physics and creators (создатель) of the first atomic model.

5 – He was a discoverer of penicillin - was born in Scotland in 1929. He spent his working hours almost entirely in hospitals and laboratories. His discovery of penicillin did more to help suffering people than anything else for centuries. When he died in 1955 his old friend said: “… by his work he relieved more suffering than any other living man”.

6 – He is one of the greatest English chemists. One of his inventions (изобретений) is the miner’s safety lamp (лампа безопасности для шахтеров), known as the Davy Lamp.

7 – He, who lived in the 15th century, was an outstanding humanist, scientist and statesman. His work “Utopia” brought him worldwide acknowledgement. Many prominent people were influenced by his ideas of a free democratic state described in “Utopia”.

8 – He is one of the most famous writers in the world. He was born in 1564 in Stratford-on-Avon. It was a small English town. His plays “Romeo and Juliet”, “Hamlet, Prince of Denmark”, “King Lear”, “Macbeth” were translated into almost every language and staged in every theatre. He described the characters and feelings, which can be called international and living forever. His sonnets, full of music and harmony, praise love, friendship and beauty. His poetry is at the summit of human achievement. He died in 1616. But his plays are popular now and millions of people admire them.

9 – He was born in 1812 in the family of a small government official in the city of Portsmouth. There he first went to school.He spent most of his free time reading various books. In 1836 when only twenty-four years of age, he wrote his first book "Sketches by Boz". This book was followed by "The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club" and in two years by "Oliver Twist". These novels brought him fame in many countries. His most famous novels are "Hard Times", "David Copperfield", "Dolby and Son" and others. He died in 1870, at the age of fifty-eight.

Ключи: 1 - Isaac Newton, 2- Charles Darwin 3- Michael Faraday, 4 - Lord Rutherford, 5 - Alexander Fleming, 6 - Humphrey Davy, 7 - Thomas More, 7 - William Shakespeare, 9 - Charles Dickens.

Text 6.

Marshall Plan.

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы: Как выглядела послевоенная Европа? Какие кредиты получили европейские страны согласно плану Маршалла? Каковы были результаты переговоров Сталина и Маршалла? Какое влияние оказал план Маршалла на экономическую и политическую ситуацию в Европе?

Wartime destruction

By the end of World War II much of Europe was devastated. Sustained aerial bombardment had badly damaged most major cities, and industrial facilities were especially hard-hit. The region's trade flows had been thoroughly disrupted; millions were in refugee camps living on aid from United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and other agencies. Food shortages were severe, especially in the harsh winter of 1946 - 1947.

Especially damaged was transportation infrastructure, as railways, bridges, and docks had been specifically targeted by air strikes, while much merchant shipping had been sunk. Although most small towns and villages in Western Europe had not suffered as much damage, the destruction of transportation left them economically isolated. None of these problems could be easily remedied, as most nations engaged in the war had exhausted their treasuries in its execution. The only major powers whose infrastructure had not been significantly harmed in World War II were the United States and Canada. They were much more prosperous than before the war but exports were a small factor in the American economy. Much of the Marshall Plan aid would be used by the Europeans to buy manufactured goods and raw materials from the United States and Canada.

Slow recovery

The hunger-winter of 1947, thousands protest in West Germany against the disastrous food situation. Europe's economies were recovering very slowly, as unemployment and food shortages led to strikes and unrest in several nations. In 1947 the European economies were still well below their pre-war levels and were showing few signs of growth. Agricultural production was 83% of 1938 levels, industrial production was 88%, and exports only 59%. In Britain the situation was not as severe. In Germany in 1945-46 housing and food conditions were bad, as the disruption of transport, markets and finances slowed a return to normal. In the West, bombing had destroyed 5,000,000 houses and apartments, and 12,000,000 refugees from the east had crowded in. Food production was only two-thirds of the prewar level in 1946-48, while normal grain and meat shipments no longer arrived from the East. Furthermore the large shipments of food from occupied nations that had sustained Germany during the war ended. Industrial production fell more than half and reached prewar levels only at the end of 1949. The United States was already spending a great deal to help Europe recover. Over $14 billion was spent or loaned during the postwar period through the end of 1947, and is not counted as part of the Marshall Plan. Much of this aid was designed to restore infrastructure and help refugees. Britain, for example, received an emergency loan of $3.75 billion. The United Nations also launched a series of humanitarian and relief efforts almost wholly funded by the United States. These efforts had important effects, but they lacked any central organization and planning, and failed to meet many of Europe's more fundamental needs.