2. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст.

Philosophy of law

Philosophy of law is a branch of philosophy and jurisprudence which studies basic questions about law and legal systems, such as “what is the law?”, “what is the relationship between law and morality?” and many

other similar questions. The question “What is law?” has received the most substantial attention from philosophers of law. Three schools of thought have provided rival answers to this question. Natural theory asserts that there are laws that are immanent in nature, to which enacted laws should correspond as closely as possible. This

view is frequently summarized by the maxim: an unjust law is not a true law, in which “unjust” is defined as contrary to natural law. Legal positivism is the view that the law is defined by the social rules or practices that identify certain norms as laws. Historically, the most important part of this theory was developed by Jeremy Bentham, whose views were popularized by his student, John Austin. Austin’s version of legal positivism was based on the notion that the law is the command of the sovereign backed by the threat of punishment.

Legal realism is the view that the law should be understood as it is practiced in the courts, law offices, and police stations, rather than as it is set

forth in statutes. In the 20th century, two great legal positivists had a profound influence on the philosophy of law. On the continent, Hans Kelsen was the most influential theorist, and his legal views are still influential. In the

Anglophone world, the most influential figure was Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart, Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford University, who is considered one of the most important legal philosophers. Hart’s most famous work is The

Concept of Law first published in 1961. He argued that the law should be understood as a system of social rules. Hart’s theory, although widely admired, was criticized by a variety of late 20th century philosophers of law

(R.Dworkin, J.Finnis, J.Raz)

3. Погодьтеся або не погодьтеся з наступними твердженнями.

1) The text is about philosophers of law.

2) Philosophy of law studies particular differences of legal systems.

3) There are three schools of thought providing identical answers to the question “What is law?”

4) Natural theory asserts that enacted laws should closely correspond laws of nature.

5) The most important part of positivist theory was developed by J.Austin.

6) In the 20th century legal realism had a great influence on the philosophy of law.

7) The legal views of H.L.A.Hart are still influential.

4. Доповніть наступні речення.

1. Philosophy of law combines two sciences: _______ and _______ . Philosophy of law studies ________.

2. The question “What is law?” has received _________ .

3. There are three main theories that provide answers to this question. They are: _________.

4. Natural theory of law is often summarized in the following maxim: ___________

5. The theory of legal positivism was developed by _________.

6. Understanding the law as real practice in courts, law offices and police stations is the view of _________.

7. The most influential theorists of law in the 20th century were __________.

модуль самостійної роботи

СТРУКТУРА АНГЛІЙСЬКОГО РЕЧЕННЯ

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. Які існують типи речень відповідно до мети висловлювання? Наведіть приклади.

2. Які існують типи запитань в англійській мові? Наведіть приклади.

3. На які дві основні групи поділяються члени речення?

4. Назвіть головні і другорядні члени англійського речення.

5. Якою частиною мови може бути виражено підмет (присудок, додаток, означення, обставина)? Наведіть приклади.

6. Чи є порядок слів в англійській мові сталим?

7. Що називається прямим порядком слів в англійському стверджувальному реченні? Наведіть приклади.

8. Який порядок слів називається інверсійним?

9. Які типи речень вимагають інверсійного порядку слів? Проілюструйте свою відповідь прикладами.

Вправи

Визначте типи речень за метою висловлювання.

The students hardly ever use the language laboratory.

The new school claims to teach students all the English they need in a few months.

Please, don’t talk in the corridor because there is an examination in the lecture hall.

The mere thought of exams makes me feel ill.

His tests results are not very consistent.

Please, be brief. I haven’t got long.

We can’t teach him anything.

How many subjects is Sam studying at school?

Визначте типи запитань.

Would you prefer tea, coffee or mineral water?

It can’t be so easy, can it?

Do they live here?

Could you wash up?

This mirror was expensive, wasn’t it?

How well do you know him?

Can you do it or can’t you?

How is it done?

Визначте головні та другорядні члени речення. Назвіть частини мови, якими вони виражені.

He sent this letter by post.

Nobody is perfect.

My father is an engineer.

Yesterday I saw a helicopter.

She gave me a table spoon.

I found my keys in the drawer.

The town has changed greatly.

Рекомендована література

1. Каушанская В. Л. Грамматика английского языка. – М., 2000. – 320с.

2. Каушанская В. Л. Сборник упражнений по грамматике английского языка. – М., 2000. – 216с.

3. Миштал М. Тематические тесты по английскому языку: Пособие. – К.: Знання, 2007. – 352с.

4. Угарова Е. В. Английская грамматика в таблицах. – 2-е изд. – М.: Айрис-пресс, 2007. – 128с.

ФОНЕТИКА

Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. Скільки літер та звуків існує в англійській мові?

2. Назвіть англійські голосні: монофтонги та дифтонги.

3. Якими є основні принципи класифікації англійський голосних звуків?

4. Якими є основні принципи класифікації англійських приголосних звуків?

5. Назвіть шумні та сонорні приголосні англійської мови.

6. Скільки типів складів існує в англійській мові? Опишіть їх та наведіть приклади.

7. Опишіть фонетичні процеси асиміляції, редукції та злиття. Наведіть приклади.

8. Назвіть правила англійського словесного наголосу. Наведіть приклади.

9. Якими є основні типи наголосу в англійському реченні? Наведіть приклади.

10. Які ви знаєте основні інтонаційні моделі англійської мови?

Вправи

Запишіть у транскрипції подані слова. Зверніться до словника, якщо це необхідно. Потренуйтеся у правильному прочитанні слів.

Name, day, face, place, hat, sad, and, park, start, far, care, mare, share, change, daughter, we, region, bed, help, left, person, verb, sphere, newspaper, key, monkey, rise, type, big, system, symbol, first, firm, myrtle, tyre, fire, high, night, light, home, smoke, hotel, clock, north, forty, before, prove, famous, low, show, human, use, but, sun, put, hurt, turn, pure, procedure, character, technical, chemistry, handsome, knowledge, special, sign, honest, hour, honour, knee, know, knife, bomb, climb, autumn, column, unique, technique, sugar, sure, television, conclusion, pleasure, measure, science, listen, wrestling, position, action, lecture, picture, future, nature, while, who, whole, write, wrong, next, text, exist, exit, example.

Правильно прочитайте наступні словосполучення.

Pepper pot, to buy a big bottle of beer, first floor, closed door, a black coffee cup, going to England again, at the same time, tomorrow morning, an apartment in the centre of London, sleeping and dreaming, in the front of the photograph, a lovely view, biscuits and ice-cream, to be chosen for the prize, a path through the thick woods, this thing is theirs, sheets and shirts, Helen’s husband, to read a rhyme, would you like?, a librarian in a public library, away from Washington, few years, chicken chops, a manager at the agency, three teas, English weather, let them, a sad man with a camera, a car-park, a doctor in the hospital, stop talking, naughty audience, a full pool, love it very much, to learn Turkish, another parasol, make a mistake, an awful joke, snow in October, quiet as mice, a town on the mountain, her boyfriend Roy, nearly in tears, upstairs and downstairs, for sure, curious tourists.

Рекомендована література

1. Ерко О. Практическая фонетика английского языка: Учеб. пособие. – К.: ООО «ИП Логос», 2005. – 272с.

2. Практический курс английского языка: 1 курс: Учеб. для студ. пед. вузов / Под ред. В. Д. Аракина. – М.: Гуманит. изд. центр ВЛАДОС, 2002. – 544с.

3. Сьомова С. В. Ключик до країни знань: Англійська мова. – Донецьк: ТОВ ВКФ «БАО», 2004. – 48с.

PERSONAL FORM

First name___________________________________________

Last name___________________________________________

Date of birth_________________________________________

Address_____________________________________________________________________

Phone number_________________________________

Marital status______________________________________

Enlist the members of your family: their names, age, job, contact information.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Secondary education___________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Place of study_________________________________________________________________

Faculty, specialty_______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

Expected time of graduation___________________________________________________

Expected degree___________________________________

Social activities________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

Special skills__________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

Personal qualities______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Interests______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

PERSONAL FORM

First name _______Irina____________________________________

Last name _______Petrenko________________________________

Date of birth _____September 15, 1992____________________

Address ___Kherson region, Gola Prystan’, Lenina st., 32, apt. 4______

Phone number _______8-050-776-32-19_________________

Marital status ______single______

Enlist the members of your family: their names, age, job, contact information.

F ather – Petrenko Ivan, 43 y.o., mechanic, _______________________

tel. number 8-097-987-09-67___________________________________

Mother – Petrenko Maria, 41 y.o., teacher, ____________________________

tel. number 8-099-365-00-12___________________________________

Sister – Petrenko Anna, 14 y.o., schoolgirl.______________________________

Secondary education comprehensive school #7 of Gola Pristan’, 1998-2009

Current place of study ______Kherson State University________________

Faculty, specialty _________Faculty of Arts________________

Expected year of graduation __________July 2012_______________

Expected degree _________Bachelor_________

Social activities monitor of the academic group, participation in university festivals (decorating the scene)______________________________

Special skills sewing, all kinds of embroidering, languages: English (basic), German (basic)_________________________________________________

Personal qualities open-minded, responsible, easy-going, serious, hardworking_______________________________________________________________

Interests computer design, drawing, interior decoration____________

Vocabulary

for filling in the personal form

first name [fɜ:st neɪm] – ім’я

last name [lɑ:st neɪm]– прізвище

marital status ['mærɪtl 'steɪtəs] – сімейний стан

single ['sɪŋɡl] – не одружений (-а)

married ['mærɪd] – одружений (-а)

divorced [dɪ'vɔ:st] – розлучений (-а)

member ['membə] – член (родини)

husband ['hʌzbənd] – чоловік

wife [waɪf] – дружина

job [dʒɒb] – робота

teacher ['ti:tʃə] – вчитель

programmer ['prəυɡræmə] – програміст

mechanic [mɪ'kænɪk] – механік

security officer [sɪ'kjυərətɪ 'ɒfɪsə] – охоронець

manager ['mænɪdʒə] – менеджер

housewife ['haυswaɪf] – домогосподарка

accountant [ə'kaυntənt] – бухгалтер

librarian [laɪ'breərɪən] – бібліотекар

secondary education ['sekǝndǝrɪ edjυ'keɪʃn] – середня освіта

secondary comprehensive school ['sekǝndǝrɪ kɒmprɪ'hensɪv sku:l] – середня загальноосвітня школа

lyceum [laɪ'si:əm] – ліцей

college ['kɒlɪdʒ] – коледж

current ['kʌrənt] – поточний

expected [ɪk'spektɪd] – очікуваний

graduation [ɡrædʒυ'eɪʃn] – закінчення (університету)

degree [dɪ'ɡri:] – ступінь, освітньо-кваліфікаційний рівень

Bachelor ['bætʃǝlə] – бакалавр

Master ['mɑ:stə] – магістр

social activities ['səυʃl æk'tɪvətɪz] – суспільна діяльність

monitor ['mɒnɪtə] – староста

participating [pɑ:̗tɪsɪ’peɪtɪŋ] - участь

developing [dɪ'veləpɪŋ] – розвиток, розробка

special skills ['speʃǝl skɪlz] – особливі уміння

personal qualities ['pɜ:snǝl 'kwɒlətɪz] – особисті якості

interests ['ɪntrəsts] – інтереси, хобі

Змістовий модуль №2. „Студент та його оточення”

Практичне заняття №5

Тема: Переваги Болонського процесу в Україні

І. Робота над текстом за темою заняття.

1. Прочитайте текст. Випишіть за словником незнайомі слова. Перекладіть текст українською.

What is the Bologna Process? 

The Bologna Process is a European reform process aiming at establishing a European Higher Education Area by 2010. It is an unusual process in that it is loosely structured and driven by the 46 countries participating in it in cooperation with a number of international organisations, including the Council of Europe.

This probably did not really answer the question. It comes down to the following:

By 2010 higher education systems in European countries should be organised in such a way that:

• it is easy to move from one country to the other (within the European Higher Education Area) – for the purpose of further study or employment;

• the attractiveness of European higher education is increased so many people from non-European countries also come to study and/or work in Europe;

• the European Higher Education Area provides Europe with a broad, high quality and advanced knowledge base, and ensures the further development of Europe as a stable, peaceful and tolerant community.

This goal is rather ambitious and it is not connected only to the Bologna Process. However, within the Process, the necessary tools for achieving these goals are being developed and implemented.

Before we move further along, two things should be made clear:

The Bologna Process is not based on an intergovernmental treaty.

There are several documents that have been adopted by the ministers responsible for higher education of the countries participating in the Process, but these are not legally binding documents (as international treaties usually are). Therefore, it is the free will of every country and its higher education community to endorse or reject the principles of the Bologna Process, although the effect of “international peer pressure” should not be underestimated.

It is not foreseen that by 2010 all European countries should have the same higher education system.  On the contrary, one of the very valued features of Europe is its balance between diversity and unity. Rather, the Bologna Process tries to establish bridges that make it easier for individuals to move from one education system or country to another. Therefore, even if e.g. degree systems may become more similar, the specific nature of every higher education system should be preserved. If not, what would be the point to go somewhere else to study if what one studies is going to be the same as back home? The developments within the Bologna Process should serve to facilitate “translation” of one system to the other and therefore contribute to the increase of mobility of students and academics and to the increase of employability throughout Europe.

2. Дайте відповіді на запитання.

a) What are the principles of the Bologna process in higher education?

b) Do you think Ukraine follows the principles of the Bologna declaration? Why?

c) Can you name any steps which make our university closer to the European system of higher education?

d) Would you like to be a part of Bologna Process? Why?

e) What advantages and disadvantages of Bologna process can you name?

І. Граматичний матеріал. Тема: Прикметник. Ступені порівняння прикметників; Прислівник. Ступені порівняння прислівників

Ознайомтесь з теоретичним матеріалом з теми.

Якісні прикметники мають три ступені порівняння:

• позитивний;

• вищий;

• найвищий.