Unit III

Grammar: 1. Noun+noun construction

2. Passive voice and conditionals (Revision)

3. Word Formation

• Pre-reading exercises

Exercise І. Pronounce the following words and word combinations:

biodegradable – схильний до мікробіологічного руйнування

establishment – створення, формування

harmful – шкідливий, нищівний

heredity – спадковість

interferon – інтерферон

patentable matter – виключна матерія, речовина

splicing – зрощування

substance – матерія, речовина

Supreme Court – Верховний Суд

toxic wastes – токсичні відходи

Exercise ІІ. Read the headline of the text. What do you know about biotechnology? What does it deal with?

• Reading

Read closely the text, translate it into Ukrainian and try to retell it:

Biotechnology

Biotechnology is the application to industry of advances made in the techniques and instruments of research in the biological sciences. It is the use of living cells and bacteria for industrial and scientific purposes.

The growth of the field of biotechnology is closely linked to the development in the 1970s of genetic engineering. The term initially meant any of a wide range of techniques for modifying or manipulating organisms through heredity and reproduction. Now the term denotes the narrower field of recombinant-DNA technology, or gene cloning, in which DNA molecules from two or more sources are combined, either within cells or in test tubes, and then inserted into host organisms in which they are able to reproduce. This technique is used to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, or industry.

Substances that have been produced with the help of genetic engineering include human interferon (a substance that your body produces to protect itself from viruses), human insulin, and human growth hormone. The techniques of genetic engineering – splicing, transplantation, and chemical replantation of repressed, non-functional genes – also offer the possibility that a number of heredity disorders may be "corrected" by manipulation. Recombinant-DNA techniques in conjunction with the development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies (antibodies produced by single clones of antibody-producing cells) have made an evident impact on medical diagnosis and oncology. Another important use of genetic engineering is the production of bacteria used to biodegrade (biodegradable substances can be broken into very small parts by bacteria so that they are not harmful to the environment) oil spills and toxic wastes.

Biotechnology had its origins in a 1980 decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that "a live human-made microorganism is patentable matter". This ruling resulted in the establishment of a number of commercial biotechnology firms – among them Genentech, Biogen, New England BioLabs, Cetus, and Genex – that manufacture quantities of genetically engineered substances for a variety of mostly medical, agricultural and ecological uses.

• Text-based exercises

Exercise III. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Біотехнологія – це використання живих організмів та біологічних процесів у промисловому виробництві.

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

2. Зростання біотехнології тісно пов'язаний з становленням у 1970х роках генетичної інженерії.

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

3. Техніка клонування генів використовується для винаходження нових генетичних комбінацій, що мають наукову цінність.

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

4. За допомогою генетичної інженерії отримують такі речовини, як інтерферон, інсулін та гормон росту людини.

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

5. Багато комерційних фірм виробляє генетично модифіковані речовини для використання у медичній, сільськогосподарській та екологічній сферах.

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

Exercise IV. Match the words with the descriptions:

a).genetic engineering	The simplest and smallest forms of life.
b).human interferon	Application to industry of advances made in the biological sciences.
c).biotechnology	The directed alteration of genetic material.
d).bacteria	The smallest unit of living matter that can exist on its own.
e).cell	A substance that your body produces to protect itself from viruses.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Exercise V. Answer the following questions:

1. What substances can be produced with the help of genetic engineering?

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

2. What is a live human-made microorganism?

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

3. What do the techniques of genetic engineering include?

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

4. What is biodegradable substance?

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

5. What is the original rule of biotechnology?

…………………………………………………………………………….………………

• Grammar exercises

Exercise VI. Translate the following groups of nouns, paying attention to the meaning of the words:

Satellite biology, molecular biology, space biology, marine biology, laser chemistry, rain chemistry, rubber chemistry, water chemistry, management technology, mining technology, hybrid technology, plasma technology, rolling technology.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise VII. Form the right groups of nouns, paying attention to the meaning of the words. Translate them into Ukrainian:

high-temperature	chemistry	………………………………...
mixed-signal	technology	………………………………...
industrial robot	chemistry	………………………………...
radar-rainfall	physics	………………………………...
high-end	technology	………………………………...
low-conductivity	technology	………………………………...
coal fuel	physics	………………………………...
solid-state	technology	………………………………...
high-energy	technology	………………………………...

Exercise VIII. Translate the sentences correctly paying attention to the underlined verbs:

1. It is quite evident that not every experiment can be relied upon.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

2. The problem was not dealt with.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Many questions were answered correctly.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

4. The development of physics was greatly influenced by the discovery of radioactivity.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

5. These conditions, however, will be objected to by other scientists.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

6. The increase of temperature was taken account of in calculating the value.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

7. The advantage of this technique over others was recognized by many scientists.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Which method will be preferred depends entirely on circumstances.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise IX. Fill in the blanks with by or with. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

1. This is affected ….. heating.

2. They were extremely pleased ….. the results.

3. ….. such systems these objectives are readily explained.

4. Peace cannot be kept ….. force.

5. They should be provided ….. tools, techniques and terminology.

6. The necessary amount of energy is provided ….. a mechanical system

Exercise X. Form the nouns from the following verbs according to the model and translate them:

Model: explore – exploration

develop – development

to achieve - ………………..…

to communicate - …………….

to determine - ………………..

to invent - ………………..…..

to investigate - ……………….

to retain - …………………….

to stimulate - …………………

to transmit - ………………….

• Speaking task

Exercise XI. What do you know about genetically modified products? Compare two pictures (Picture 1,2) and define the differences between them. Discuss this topic with your partner. You can use such words and word combinations as: on the left, on the right, the same age and variety as, deterioration, spoilage, genetically modified tomatoes, to stay fresher for longer, gene, to block the normal production of ethane, plant hormone, to promote ripening.

Picture 1. Natural tomatoes Picture 2. Genetically modified tomatoes