V I. Scan the text “Steering System” to find answers to these questions.
What is a steering wheel used for?
What kinds of steering systems are there?
What is the hydraulic power steering?
How does the electric power steering work?
Steering System
A steering wheel is a type of steering control in vehicles. The steering wheel is the part of the steering system that is manipulated by the driver; the rest of the steering system responds to the driver inputs. This can be through direct mechanical contact without or with the assistance of the Hydraulic Power Steering (HPS), or with the assistance of computer controlled motors, known as the Electric Power Steering (EPS).
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steering wheel is located directly in front of the driver’s seat.
Turning the steering wheel transmits force, which turns the wheels to
determine the direction of travel.
Most vehicles today have power steering, which makes turning the wheel relatively easy. The hydraulic power steering (HPS) is a hydraulic system for reducing the steering effort on vehicles by using hydraulic pressure to assist in turning the wheels. It is intended to provide for easier driving direction control of the car while preserving "feedback", stability and unambiguity of the trajectory specified.
The hydraulic power steering uses high pressure fluids for assisting the steering movement. When the driver turns the steering wheel, it opens up the flow or pressurized fluid in such a way that helps to turns the wheels in the required direction.
The electric power steering works with the help of an electric motor and an electronic control unit (ECU) which has some sensors.
The motor runs on battery and will use electric power to assist the movement of steering when the driver turns the wheel.
Notes:
steering wheel, n. – рулевое колесо assistance, n. – помощь
power steering, n. – рулевое управление с усилителем
reducing effort, n. – уменьшение усилия feedback, n. – обратная связь
pressurized fluid, n. – жидкость или газ под давлением
electronic control unit, n. – электронный блок управления
VII. Read the text “Exhaust System” and say why the exhaust system is very important for a good performance of a car. Exhaust System
This is a diagram of the major components of an exhaust system in a car. Exhaust system components are designed for a specific engine. The pipe diameter, component length, catalytic converter size, muffler size, and exhaust manifold design are engineered to provide proper exhaust flow, silencing, and emission levels on a particular engine.
As a rule, the hotter a muffler runs the longer it lasts. Mufflers on vehicles with catalytic converters run hotter and last longer than those on older vehicles without converters. Mufflers located ahead of the rear axle last longer than those located after of the rear axle.
Mufflers rust from the inside out. Rust is caused by moisture in the exhaust. Moisture condenses in the muffler when the engine is shut off and the muffler starts to cool.
The longevity of muffler and pipes depends on what kind of steel the components are made of, how pipes are routed under the car, where the muffler is located, and whether or not the vehicle has a catalytic converter.
Original equipment pipes made of stainless steel (which are used from the converter forward on most cars and for the entire exhaust system on some) can last up to 10 years or more. Most aftermarket pipes, by comparison, are made of ordinary steel which is good for about three to five years of service. Aluminumized and stainless pipes are better, but cost more.
Notes:
exhaust system, n. – система выпуска двигателя
catalytic converter, n. – каталитический дожигатель выхлопных газов
exhaust manifold, n. – коллектор выхлопной системы двигателя
silencing, n. – глушение muffler, n. – глушитель
rust, v. – ржаветь moisture, n. – влага
shut off, v. – выключать stainless – коррозионно-стойкий