Infinitive (Инфинитив)

Инфинитив – неличная форма глагола, которая имеет свойства существительного и глагола. Формальным признаком инфинитива является частица to.

Формы инфинитива

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	To help	To be helped
Continuous	To be helping	-
Perfect	To have helped	To have been helped

Функции инфинитива в предложении

Функция	Перевод
1. подлежащее: To skate is pleasant.	Кататься на коньках приятно.
2. именная часть сказуемого: Your duty was to inform me about it immediately.	Вашей обязанностью было сообщить мне об этом немедленно.
3. часть составного глагольного сказуемого: She began to translate the article.	Она начала переводить статью.
4. дополнение: I asked him to help me.	Я попросил его помочь мне.
5. определение: He expressed a desire to help me. You can take the book to be read in the library.	Он выразил желание помочь мне. Вы можете взять книгу, которую нужно прочитать (или для чтения), в библиотеке.
6. обстоятельство: I went to the station to see off a friend.	Я поехал на вокзал, чтобы проводить приятеля.

Complex Subject

Конструкция "субъектный инфинитивный оборот", состоит из подлежащего, "вводящего" глагола и инфинитива: Не is said to have made a good report. Говорят, что он сделал хороший доклад.

Complex Object

Конструкция "объектный инфинитивный оборот", состоит из "вводящего" глагола, местоимения в объектном падеже или су­ществительного в общем падеже и инфинитива: He wants me to come on Sunday. Он хочет, чтобы я пришёл в воскресенье. I saw him cross the street. Я видел, как он переходил улицу (после глаголов чувственного восприятия частица to не употребляется).

Неопределенные местоимения

Неопределенные местоимения many (много), few (мало) употребляются с исчисляемыми существительными, и соответственно местоимения much, little употребляются с неисчисляемыми существительными (air, milk, time): I have many books at home. У меня дома много книг. There is little snow in the forest. В лесу мало снега.

В сочетании с определенным артиклем местоимения few, little приобретают значения «несколько», «немного»: a few books (несколько книг), a little milk (немного молока).

Значение «много» имеют также сочетания: a lot of, lots of, plenty of. Например: I have a lot of friends. У меня много друзей.

Вариант I

I. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в нужные формы страдательного залога:

1) Many guests (be) invited to my birthday-party next Sunday. 2) These vegetables (stew) for long time already. 3) Why the potatoes (not/peel) yet? 4) The order (make) and the dishes (bring) in ten minutes. 5) Water melons (serve) for dessert tomorrow. 6) These beverages (make) from berries and sugar.

II. .Определите формы страдательного залога, переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. Okroshka and cold beetroot soup are served in hot weather. 2) Beef and mutton will be sold at the butcher’s tomorrow. 3) Coffee and ice-cream were served for dessert. 4) Sturgeon is off. It will be changed for pike-perch. 5) The cook was asked to fry the mushrooms which we gathered in the forest.

III. Раскройте скобки, используя причастия I, II, определите их форму и функцию в предложениях:

1) We (to have) breakfast now. 2) The man (to come) into the dining hall is our maitre-d'hotel. 3) The guests (to drink) cocktails now. 4) The duck (to stuff) with apples is very tasty. 5) The meals (to serve) in our restaurant are not very expensive.

IV. Раскройте скобки, используя герундий, определите его форму и функцию в предложениях:

1) This cut of meat is good for (to roast). 2) You don’t need (to put on) your coat because it’s very warm outside. 3) I like (to cook). 4) Vegetables needn’t (to boil) too long. 5) The tablecloth is dirty, it needs (to wash). 6) Thank you for (to help) us.

V. Определите функции инфинитива и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1) It took me an hour to prepare this salad. 2) Milk is pasteurized to kill bacteria. 3) To make butter cream is churned. 4) To become a good specialist is his main task. 5) Drying, salting, cold storage, freezing, bottling and canning are methods used to preserve vegetables and fruit.

VI. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные обороты:

1) We know him to be a good cook. 2) I want her to prepare this dish. 3) We expect our guests to come in time. 4) I would like you to bring me a cup of tea. 5) That is too difficult for you to do, let me help you. 6) She made him drink some water.

VII. Из местоимений заключенных в скобки, выберите правильное:

1) He took (a little, a few) salt with him. 2) Don’t buy any bread. We’ve got (many, much) bread. 3) Tom drinks (a lot of, many) milk – one litre a day. 4) I put (many, a lot of) salt in the soup. Perhaps too (much, many). 5) “Would you like some more cake?” “Yes, please, but only (a little, a)few).

VIII. Заполните пропуски в предложениях подходящими по смыслу словами из приведенной ниже таблицы:

a) dry d) spicy b) delicious e) sour c) burnt f) sweet

1) Sugar and honey will make a dish … . 2) Lemon juice is … . 3) The main course cooked with salt and spices is … . 4) A dish without enough liquid is … . 5) A dish cooked to perfection will be … . 6) Toast cooked too long tastes … .

IX. Подберите соответствующие реплики к следующим утверждениям:

1. I'm fond of Russian cuisine. A. So is Bob’s sister.

2. My sister is a good cook. B. Yes, very popular.

3. Russian caviar is popular with C. So do I.

foreign guests.

4. I often cook Ukrainian borshch. D. So am I.

5. You should eat much. E. I agree with you.

X. Прочитайте текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы:

MEALS IN BRITAIN

Traditionally English people have three meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner.

Breakfast are served in the morning. It is used to be a large meal with cereal, eggs and bacon, sausages, tomatoes. But such a large breakfast takes a long time to prepare and is not very healthy. Nowadays, Britain’s most popular breakfast consists of cereal, toast with marmalade, juice and yogurt with a cup of tea or coffee.

Lunch is a light meal. Most people have no time to go back home for lunch so they eat at school, cafes, pubs or restaurants.

The main meal is dinner, which is usually between 6 and 7 p.m. A typical evening meal is a meat dish with vegetables and dessert.

The most important meal of the week is the Sunday dinner, which is usually eaten at 1 p.m. The traditional Sunday dish used to be roast beef, but nowadays pork, chicken or lamb are more common.

On Sunday evenings people have supper or high tea. The famous British afternoon tea is becoming rare, except at weekends.

1) How many meals a day do English people have? 2) What did they use to eat for breakfast? 3) What do they usually eat nowadays? 4) Is lunch a large meal? 5) Where do English people eat lunch? 6) What dishes are served for dinner? 7) What is the most important meal of the week? 8) Is British afternoon tea still popular?