Unit 10

I. Presentation “Sewerage progress”

II. Vocabulary Practice

III. Word Building

IV. Grammar

Причастие I и II

Формы и функции причастий

Participle Constructions - Причастные конструкции

V. Synonyms

QUITE – RATHER

VI. Revision

Past Simple – Past Continuous

Типы вопросительных предложений

Предлоги

VII. Reading “Sewerage”

VIII. Writing

IX. Vocabulary

X. Grammar Rules

1. Presentation

Sewerage progress Из истории канализации

Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите диалог. Значение выделенных слов, Вы можете посмотреть в разделе Vocabulary.

Перевод

Correspondent: Man’s sewerage practice has been known from ancient times. Dr Smith, can you briefly outline its progress? Professor: O.K., You see, explorations revealed sewers in Babylon dating from the 7th century B.C. Considerable information is available about the sewers of Jerusalem, works of this class in ancient Greek cities are fairly well known and the great underground drains have repeatedly been described. Correspondent: Hmm. And what about this country, London to be exact? Professor: The history of the progress of sanitation in London probably affords a typical picture of what took place quite generally about the middle of the 19th century in the largest cities of Great Britain. Correspondent: Yeah, but how did it look like? Professor: Well, first of all, it was the lack of central authority rendered a systematic study and execution of sewerage work impossible. As late as 1845 there was no survey of the metropolis adequate as a basis for planning sewers. The sewers in adjoining parishes were of different evaluation so that a junction was impracticable. One of the drawbacks of London sewerage system was that some of the sewers were higher than the cesspools which they were supposed to drain while others had been so constructed that to be of any use the sewage would have had to blow uphill. Large sewers were made to discharge into small sewers. Correspondent: But did anyone study and solve the problems? Professor: The first engineer to make a comprehensive study of metropolitan sewerage needs was John Phillips. He described the conditions of London cellars and cesspools, and offered the scheme of the drainage. After two outbreaks of cholera a royal commission was appointed to inquire into sanitary improvements of London. Than Parliament passed an act for the better local management of the metropolis which laid the basis for the sanitation of London.

2. Vocabulary Practice

Задание 1. Подберите соответствующее определение к словам из колонки справа. Ответ запишите в строку в виде комбинации цифр и букв.

1. an underground tank into which drains empty 2. a foul liquid material, waste organic matter carried off in sewers 3. the chief city of a country 4. an underground room for storing coal, wine, etc 5. useless materials thrown away because unwanted after a manufacturing process 6. an examination of an area of land in order to make a map of it 7. an unpleasant smell 8. the process of making air, water, soil dangerously dirty and not suitable for people to use

a. cellar b. nuisance c. sewage d. survey e. metropolis f. industrial wastes g. cesspool h. pollution

Ответы: 1 – , 2 – , 3 – , 4 – , 5 – , 6 – , 7 – , 8 – .

Задание 2. Закончите предложения, выбрав правильный вариант. Ответ запишите в строку внизу в виде комбинации цифр и букв.

1. There is a bad smell; something wrong with the __________, I suppose.

a. pipes

b. drains

c. sewers

d. trenches

2. There is too much __________ in this house.

a. pollution

b. evaluation

c. odour

d. waste

3. Where do the sewers __________ their contents?

   a. drain

   b. waste

   c. discharge

   d. pollute

4. Public health depends to a large extent on permanent __________ in a community.

   a. evaluation

   b. sanitation

   c. pollution

   d. junction

5. The lack of an adequate __________ of the capital made planning and execution of sewerage work impossible.

a. survey

b. outbreak

c. refuse

d. cesspool

Ответы: 1 – , 2 – , 3 – , 4 – , 5 – .

Задание 3. В соответствии с диалогом дополните предложение одной из данных частей. Правильный вариант выделите синим цветом.

1. The sewers in adjoining parishes were of different elevations so that…

1. …sanitation was as little considered as the utilization of steam for power purposes.

2. …a junction of them was impartibly.

3. …outside of the city the methods of local government were chaotic.

4. …the city was better off than most of the metropolitan district.

2. One of the main reasons for the backward condition of the sewerage system in London was…

1. …that large sewers were made to discharge into small sewers.

2. …that some of the sewers were higher than the cesspools which they were supposed to drain.

3. …that there was no authority to compel landlords to connect their houses with sewers.

4. …that there were hundreds or even thousands of houses which were connected by great underground drains.

3. John Phillips described…

1. …the conditions of London basements and cellars.

2. …the backward conditions of the sewerage system in London.

3. …the conditions of London cellars and cesspools.

4. …a comprehensive study of London sewerage needs.

3. Word Building

В уроке 9 в разделе Word-Building вы узнали о конверсии, характерном явлении английского языка.

Большинство слов, образованных с помощью конверсии аналогичны по смыслу, но являются разными частями речи. Но иногда значение их несколько отличается.

Например:

a part – часть; to part – расставаться

air – воздух; to air – проветривать

Однако есть слова, которые пишутся одинаково, но имеют различие в произношении, - происходит либо чередование звуков [s] и [z] или перенос ударения.

Например:

use ['j u:s] – польза - to use [ 'j u:z] - пользоваться

perfect [ 'pə: f i k t ] – совершенный - to perfect [pə 'f e k t ] - совершенствовать

Задание 1. Эти пары слов образованы с помощью конверсии, но их значения несколько отличаются, хотя и имеется некая связь между ними. Напишите перевод образованных слов.

fly – муха to fire – стрелять past (наречие или предлог) act – дело, поступок control – надзор, контроль suit – мужской костюм sun – солнце sum - сумма page – страница glance – быстрый взгляд glove – перчатка dress – платье dust – пыль

to fly – fire – past (прилагат.) – to act – to control – to suit – to sun - to sum – to page – to glance – to glove – to dress – to dust –

Задание 2. Определите, в чем различие между этими словами, которые пишутся одинаково, но относятся к разным частям речи. Вероятно, здесь Вам придется воспользоваться англо-русским словарем.

Absent – отсутствующий to absent – отлучиться, отсутствовать

Abstract – резюме; отвлеченный to abstract – резюмировать

Contract – контракт, договор to contract – заключать договор

Present – подарок to present – преподносить, дарить

Close – близко to close – закрывать

Conduct – поведение to conduct – вести себя

Excuse – оправдание to excuse – находить оправдание, извинять(ся)

4. Grammar

Задание 1. В разделе Grammar Вам будут предложены упражнения на закрепление грамматического явления. Внимательно читайте задание, чтобы понять цель упражнения. Перед тем как выполнить упражнения, внимательно изучите материалы в разделе «Grammar Rules»(раздел находится в конце урока), где представлена подробная информация о данном грамматическом явлении в виде таблиц, схем и примеров.

Задание 2. Определите функцию Participle I и II в следующих предложениях. Правильный вариант выделите синим цветом.

1. A group of laughing people came up to us.

a) определение в) часть сказуемого с) обстоятельсво

2. Everything written here is quite right.

a) определение в) часть сказуемого с) обстоятельсво

3. He stood talking to her in a soft voice.

a) определение в) часть сказуемого с) обстоятельсво

4. The house is surrounded by tall trees.

a) определение в) часть сказуемого с) обстоятельсво

5. Travelling all over the world the scientist saw many interesting things.

a) определение в) часть сказуемого с) обстоятельсво

6. Having slept two hours he felt rested.

a) определение в) часть сказуемого с) обстоятельсво

7. The inner gate was locked.

a) определение в) часть сказуемого с) обстоятельсво

8. When questioned Annie had answered at once.

a) определение в) часть сказуемого с) обстоятельсво

9. Being tired they decided to rest a little.

a) определение в) часть сказуемого с) обстоятельсво

Задание 3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя соответствующую форму причастия. Правильный вариант выделите синим цветом.

1. (To take off ) our shoes we crept cautiously along the passage.

a) taking of b) taken off c) having taken off

2. (To hold) the rope with one hand, he stretched out the other to the boy in the water.

a) holding b) held c) having held

3. A man (to carry ) a large parcel got out of the bus.

a) carrying b) being carried c) having carried

4. Jones and Smith came in (to follow) by their wives.

a) following b) followed c) having followed

5. (To think) he was asleep, I walked on tiptoe.

a) thinking b) being thought c) thought

Задание 4. Определите, каким оборотом является подчеркнутое выражение. Правильный вариант выделите синим цветом. Предложения переведите.

1. I heard his name called..

1. Objective Participle Construction

2. Subjective Participle Construction

3. Absolute Participial Construction

2. He was seen coming into the cafe.

1. Objective Participle Construction

2. Subjective Participle Construction

3. Absolute Participial Construction

3. She was found sitting by the fire.

a) Objective Participle Construction

2. Subjective Participle Construction

3. Absolute Participial Construction

4. He saw all his plans destroyed.

a) Objective Participle Construction

b) Subjective Participle Construction

c) Absolute Participial Construction

5. The teacher having come, we set to work.

a) Objective Participle Construction

2. Subjective Participle Construction

3. Absolute Participial Construction

6. The airplane was heard flying over the wood.

a) Objective Participle Construction

b) Subjective Participle Construction

c) Absolute Participial Construction

7. The girl went into the garden, the dog running

after her.

a) Objective Participle Construction

b) Subjective Participle Construction

c) Absolute Participial Construction

8. The weather being fine, the airplane started.

a) Objective Participle Construction

b) Subjective Participle Construction

c) Absolute Participial Construction

9. I shall see the luggage carried to your room.

a) Objective Participle Construction

b) Subjective Participle Construction

c) Absolute Participial Construction

10. The door was found locked.

a) Objective Participle Construction

b) Subjective Participle Construction

c) Absolute Participial Construction

5. Synonyms

Задание 1. Внимательно изучите материал, это поможет Вам выполнить следующие упражнения.

QUITE – полностью, всецело: применяется, когда речь идет о чем-либо относительно хорошем, положительном; когда нужно подтвердить согласие, понимание.

Например:

- I believe they’re quite happy together.

- It’s a difficult situation. – Quite so.

RATHER – скорее, охотнее: то, чему отдается предпочтение; пожалуй; когда речь идет о чем-либо относительно плохом; когда употребляются прилагательные или наречия в сравнительной степени, например – more, better.

Например:

Late last night or rather early this morning. – Вчера поздно ночью или, правильнее сказать, сегодня рано утром.

Задание 2. Заполните пропуски в предложениях наречиями quite или rather. Правильный вариант выделите синим цветом.

1. Would you rather/quite take tea or coffee?

2. I rather/quite agree with you.

3. I feel rather/quite better today.

4. John found the examination rather/quite easy but I thought it was rather/quite difficult.

5. He has rather/quite recovered from his illness.

6. He was rather/quite polite, but he wasn’t ready to help me.

7. This book is rather/quite too difficult for the junior.

8. They are both rather/quite young.

9. My watch is rather/quite right.

10. The hat is rather/quite more expensive than that.

11. I am afraid we’ll arrive rather/quite late for the party.

12. Jane thinks her cousin is rather/quite intelligent but I’ve always found her rather/quite boring.

13. How are you? – I’m rather/quite well, thank you.

14. I feel rather/quite tired. That case weighed rather/quite more than I expected.

15. She’s rather/quite attractive but rather/quite tall to be an actress.

6. Revision

В этом разделе Вам будут предложены упражнения на закрепление грамматического явления. Внимательно читайте задание, чтобы понять цель упражнения. Если у Вас возникнут трудности при выполнении упражнения, то изучите материалы в разделе «Grammar Rules», где представлена подробная информация о данном грамматическом явлении в виде таблиц, схем и примеров.

Задание 1. Заполните пропуски предлогами, где это необходимо. Правильный вариант выделите синим цветом.

1. Learn this poem________ heart.

a) by b) with c) on d) ø

2. What is the reason _______ your absence?

a) by b)on c) of d) ø

3. The banks close ________ 7 o’clock in the evening.

a) in b) at c) on d) ø

4. Bye, see you ______ Sunday.

a) in b) at c) on d) ø

5. My sister is ______ her room.

a) in b) at c) on d) ø

6. Mrs. Brown lives in England _____ three years.

a) during b) for c) on d) ø

7. Let’s go _____ cinema.

a) in b) at c) to d) ø

8. Give _____him a book, please.

a) to b) with c) by d) ø

9. Fruit is good _____ your health.

a) for b) with c) on d) ø

10. He lives _____ Chicago.

a) on b) to c) in d) ø

Задание 2. Выберите нужную форму глагола. Правильный вариант выделите синим цветом.

1. I saw a light in your room as I passed/was passing by.

2. While my son waited/was waiting for my call, somebody knocked/was knocking at the door.

3. Yesterday as I was walking/walked along Baker’s Street I met/was meeting my friend.

4. They were quarrelling/quarrelled (ссориться) while they were washing/washed the car.

5. He said that he went/was going to the library yesterday.

Задание 3. Поставьте к данным предложениям вопросы указанного типа.

1. There are a lot of students in our group. - общий

2. It will take you two hours to get there. – специальный к выделенным словам

3. My friend lives far from the office. – альтернативный к выделенным словам

4. He played football yesterday. – разделительный

5. Sam doesn’t work hard. - разделительный

7. Reading

Задание 1. Прочитайте текст “Sewerage” быстро. Постарайтесь понять, о чем он. Затем прочитайте еще раз внимательно. Такой метод поможет Вам лучше понять, что Вы читаете. Слова, помеченные розовым цветом, Вы сможете найти в разделе Vocabulary. Переведите текст.

SEWERAGE

The problem of protecting natural water resources has grown very pressing for many countries since the beginning of the second half of the 20th century. The development of human society, the growth of civilization and social and technical progress has resulted in the changing of the composition of natural water resources. The rivers, lakes and groundwaters contain today a considerable amount of the products of mechanical, chemical and biological pollution.

The waste products that result from the daily activities in a community are of two general types: namely, the liquid waste, known as sewage and the solid waste, known as refuse. The different wastes of which sewage is composed are the following: the wastes from laboratories, baths, sinks, and laundry tanks in residences, institutions, and business buildings; certain liquid wastes from various types of manufacturing or industrial plants, and, in many communities, the surface run-off that results from storms or street-flushing operations.

Sewage may also be divided according to its source into the following three classes. The sewage from residences, institutions and business buildings is called domestic sewage, sanitary sewage or house sewage; that resulting from manufacturing or industrial processes is known as industrial waste; and that from run-off during or immediately following storms is called storm sewage. A combination of domestic sewage, industrial waste and storm water is called combined sewage.

Both sewage and refuse must be removed promptly in order to avoid endangering the health of community and also prevent decomposition of the materials of animal or vegetable origin and the subsequent production of nuisances and odours.

Задание 2. Подберите соответствующий перевод из правого столбца к данным английским словам. Ответ запишите в строку внизу в виде комбинации цифр и букв.

1. pollution	e. неприятные запахи
2. waste products	d. зловоние
3. liquid waste	c. промышленные сточные воды
4. sewage	b. бытовые сточные воды
5. solid waste	a. пищевые отходы
6. refuse	j. твёрдые отходы
7. domestic sewage	i. жидкие отходы
8. industrial waste	h. сточные воды
9. nuisances	g. продукты отхода
10. odors	f. загрязнение

1 – ___ 2 – ___ 3 – ___ 4 – ___ 5 – ___ 6 – ___ 7 – ___ 8 – ___ 9 – ___ 10 – ___

Задание 3. Укажите, какие из данных предложений выражают главную мысль текста. Правильный вариант выделите синим цветом.

1) Water taken from its natural source - the ground lakes or rivers - contains many objectionable elements.

2) The waste products that result from the daily activities in a community must be removed promptly passing through different methods of treatment.

3) The drains from a residence or office buildings are connected to a single underground pipe called a house sewer.

Задание 4. Какие из данных предложений выражают основное содержание текста. Расположите их согласно последовательности изложения.

1) Sewage may also be classified according to its source.

2) Both sewage and refuse must be removed promptly in order to avoid endangering the health of the people.

3) Sewage is composed of different types of wastes, which result from the daily activities in a community.

Задание 5. Сгруппируйте слова правой и левой колонки в смысловые сочетания. Ответ запишите в строку внизу в виде комбинации цифр и букв.

1) liquid A sewage

2) solid B waste

3) domestic C pollution

4) industrial

5) storm

6) sanitary

7) house

8) combined

9) mechanical

10) chemical

1 – ___ 2 – ___ 3 – ___ 4 – ___ 5 – ___ 6 – ___ 7 – ___ 8 – ___ 9 – ___ 10 – ___

Задание 6. Заполните пробелы в предложениях одним из данных ниже вариантов.

1) Sewage and refuge are the__________________ that results from the daily activities in a community.

a) industrial waste b) waste products c) liquid waste

2) The wastes from laboratories, baths, sinks, and laundry tanks in residences, institutions, and business buildings are ____________.

a) solid waste b) industrial waste c) liquid waste

3) The sewage from residences, institutions and business buildings is called ______________ .

a) domestic sewage b) storm sewage c) combined sewage

4) _________________ is the combination of domestic sewage, industrial waste and storm water.

a) sanitary sewage b) combined sewage c) storm sewage

5) The waste products must be removed promptly in order to avoid production of ___________.

a) sewage and refuse b) sludge and pollution c) nuisance and odours

VIII. Writing

Составьте и напишите 10-15 предложений об охране природных водных ресурсов.

IX. Vocabulary

1. ancient 2. cellar 3. cesspool 4. drains 5. to drain 6. to discharge 7. domestic sewage 8. evaluation 9. industrial waste 10. junction 11. lack 12. liquid waste 13. metropolis 14. nuisance 15. odours 16. outbreak 17. parish 18. pollution 19. refuse 20. sanitation 21. sewerage 22. sewer 23. sewage 24. solid waste 25. survey 26. uphill 27. waste products

древний подвал сточный колодец стоки сливать, отводить воду сбрасывать, выпускать воду бытовые сточные воды оценка промышленные сточные воды соединение отсутствие жидкие отходы столица зловоние неприятные запахи выброс округ, район загрязнение пищевые отходы улучшение санитарных условий канализация (процесс удаления) канализационная труба, коллектор сточные воды твёрдые отходы топографическая съёмка подъём продукты отхода

X. Grammar Rules