A. Comprehension

Answer the questions:

1. Is it possible to withdraw all the petroleum from the reservoir?

2. What happens when a well bore is drilled into pressured accumulation of oil?

3. What happens as the well fills up with fluid?

4. Why must pumps be installed in the well bore?

5. What is a decline curve?

6. What is secondary recovery?

7. What methods allow to increase the recovery of crude oil? Describe them shortly.

B. Vocabulary practice

I. Give English equivalents for:

1) увеличивать количество нефти и газа, которое можно добыть из залежи; 2) облегчать добычу, позволяя нефти и газу свободно продвигаться; 3) пойманная в ловушку нефть находиться под давлением; 4) продолжать мигрировать вверх к поверхности земли; 5) наполняться флюидами; 6) содержать значительное количество растворенного газа; 7) высвободившийся газ немедленно начинает расширяться; 8) фантанирование может продолжаться в течение многих лет; 9) постепенное снижение давления в резервуаре; 10) установить насос для того, чтобы продолжить добычу нефти; 11) наземная насосная установка; 12) методы, обеспечивающие дополнительной энергией; 13) закачиваемые флюиды, такие как вода и газ; 14) поддерживать давление в резервуаре; 15) процесс, существенно увеличивающий потенциальную добычу нефти, называется вторичное извлечение; 16) образовывать газовую шапку; 17) резервуары, имеющие высокий фильтрационный потенциал; 18) гравитационное разделение нефти и газа; 19) широко применяемый метод; 20) заводнение; 21) закачивать через скважины; 22) продвигать нефть к эксплуатационным скважинам; 23) равномерно распределять; 24) не зависеть от гравитационного разделения; 25) увеличивать добычу нефти вдвое.

II. Give Russian equivalents for:

1 to be discovered and assessed; 2) to be contained in the pore spaces of reservoir rock; 3) not to part with the oil and gas; 4)advanced technology; 5)trapped crude oil is under pressure; 6) to be drilled into the pressured accumulation of oil; 7) to contain a significant amount of natural gas in solution; 8) fluid withdrawal; 9) the flow rate of fluid; 10) above-ground pumping units; 11) to produce in economic quantities; 12) to fur­nish the driving energy; 13) a method for supplying extra energy; 14) an injected fluid; 15) to increase the potential production of oil; 16) to put into the top of the reservoir; 17) to allow the oil to drain to the lower part of the formation; 18) gas injection; 19) gravity segregation of the gas and oil; 20) treatment to re­move certain impurities; 21) to be injected through some of the wells; 22) to have the shortest possible paths to follow; 23) obtained by pressure decline methods; 24) to be connected to an active subsurface water source; 25) to leave one-fourth to one-third of the oil behind.

III. Fill in the appropriate word(s) from the list below into the extracts and translate them into Russian:

1. quantities, distance, wells, dissolved, only, to be produced, depth, type, permeable, energy, production, gas, oil, start, to drop, to be drilled, reservoir, amounts, accumulation, economic, to operate, far

Once an … of oil has been found in a porous and … reservoir, a series of … are drilled in a predetermined pattern to effectively drain this "oil pool". Wells may … as close as one to each 10 aces (660 ft. between wells) or as … apart as one to each 640 acres (1 mile between wells) depending on the … of reservoir and the … to the "pay" horizon. For … reasons, spacing is usually determined by the … the reservoir energy will move commercial … of oil to individual wells.

The rate of … is highest at the … when all of the energy from the dissolved … or water drive is still available. As this… is used up, production rates … until it becomes uneconomical … although significant … of oil still remain in the … . Experience has shown that … about 12 to 15 percent of the … in a reservoir can … by the expansion of the … gas or existing water.

b) to produce, corresponding, injection, secondary, to be injected, quantities, wells, water flooding, to renew, water, to be forced, reservoir, to push, producing wells, to be discontinued

… is one of the most common and efficient… recovery processes. Water … into the oil reservoir in certain … in order… a part of the original… energy. As this water … into the oil reservoir, it spreads out from the … wells and … some of the remaining oil toward the … . Eventually the … front will reach these producers and increasingly larger… of water will be produced with a … decrease in the amount of oil. When it is no longer economical … these high water-ratio wells, the flood may … .

c) economically, to recover, secondary, injection, to move, sufficient, substantial, void, original, techniques, average, production, oil, several, flood, maximum

As mentioned previously, … primary recoveries may be only 15% of the … in the reservoir. Properly operated water floods should … an additional 15% to 20% of the … oil in place. This leaves a … amount of oil in the reservoir, but there are no other engineering … in use now that can recover it … .

In most cases, oil reservoirs suitable for … recovery projects have been produced for several years. It takes time to inject … water to fill enough of the … spaces to begin … very much oil. It takes… months from the start of a water flood before significant … increases take place and the flood will probably have … recoveries during the second, third, fourth, and fifth years after… of water has commenced. The average … usually lasts 6 to 10 years.

d) permeability, methods, to be produced, length, distances, recovery, bitumen, flooding, in situ, advantages, formation, production, heavy, to depend.