Emphasis

(Емфатичні звороти)

Емфатичні звороти виділяють той чи інший член речення, використовуючи різні лексичні або граматичні засоби.

1. Посилювальні слова та словосполучення as much as, as early as, do, it is/was (not) ... that (who, which) та ін.

The unemployment rate reached as much as 15 percent at that time. – Рівень безробіття у той час піднявся на цілих 15 відсотків.

As early as in the end of WWII they started using antibiotics. – Вже у кінці другої світової війни почали використовувати антибіотики.

It is these characteristics that are important to us. – Саме ці характеристики важливі для нас.

You do look nice. – Ви дійсно виглядаєте гарно.

I know you didn’t expect me to go there, but I did go. – Я знаю, що ви не очікували, що я поїду туди, але я все ж таки поїхав.

2. Посилювальні слова та словосполучення в підрядному реченні no matter, however, whatever, even if та ін.

Whatever faults he may have, greediness is not one of them. – Які б недоліки він не мав, жадібність не з їх числа.

No matter how hard he works, he gets no promotion. – Скільки б він не працював, він не просувається по службі.

Miserable as he is, he never shows it. – Яким би нещасним він не був, він ніколи цього не показує.

Inversion

(Зворотний порядок слів)

1. Після певних словосполучень на початку речення

seldom, little rarely, barely scarcely (ever) ...when hardly (ever) ... when no sooner ...than not only ... but also

nowhere not till/until on no occasion in no way in/under no circumstances never (before)

not even once on no account only in this way only if, only than nor/neither not since

Never in my life have I seen such a beauty. – Ніколи у житті не бачив я такої краси.

Not until I reached home did I allow myself to consider the result of my actions. – Тільки коли я прийшов додому, я подумав про результати моїх дій.

Not only does she write short stories, but she is also a painter of talent. – Вона не тільки пише новели, але ще є талановитим художником.

Rarely do we see him these days. – Рідко бачили ми його у ці дні.

Only if you invite her, will she come to your party. – Лише якщо ви її запросите, вона прийде не вечірку.

2. Після прислівників місця (here, there) або емоційно виділеного прийменника.

Here comes our friend. – Ось йде наш друг.

Thus began our friendship. – Так почалася наша дружба.

Away ran the thief. – І грабіжник утік.

3. Після поширеної обставини.

To this branch of physics was added another one. – До цієї галузі фізики додали ще одну.

4. Замість if в умовних реченнях з should, were, had.

Should you ever come to London, I’ll show you around.

Had you arrived earlier, you would have seen a most remarkable sight.

Were I you, I would cancel my trip.

5. Для підтвердження попереднього висловлювання за допомогою so, neither/nor.

My sister enjoys dancing. So do I.

I haven’t handed in my report yet. Neither (nor) has he.

They finished their work yesterday. So did he.

6. Після so, such, to such a degree.

So careful is she that she never makes any mistakes.

Such a brilliant student was he that he was offered a scholarship.

7. Після прямої мови, якщо підмет є іменником.

‘I’ve never seen him,’ said Helen.

Exercise 21 Translate the sentences paying attention to emphatic constructions.

1. The problem does exist, whatever you think about it. 2. Not only does the government support the needy population, but it also subsidizes the entire agricultural sector. 3. Nor should there be distortions in social policies of the local governments. 4. It was not until mid-90s that some progress was observed. 5. It is these facts that drew our special attention. 6. No sooner the committee started operating than the first positive results could be seen. 7. Strange as it may seem, they were reluctant to learn from native speakers of England. 8. The economic growth reached as much as 5 percent last year against 1.1 percent two years ago. 9. Then came the memory of that wonderful time at the seaside we spent together. 10. Hardly ever had we loved and rested so well as that summer. 11. Down below spread our town with its wide streets, beautiful buildings, bridges and green parks. 12. Never in my life have I seen such a crowd of people. 13. Should you happen to be there, come to see it by all means. 14. Not a penny of the money did he spend on his own needs. 15. Soon to this difficulty was added another one still more troublesome. 16. Seldom has he felt so pleased with his results. 17. Little as I know about the matter, this argument seems to be quite to the point. 18. No matter how late you come, we shall be only glad to see you.

Exercise 22 Confirm the following sentences and say that you are in the same boat or have had similar experience.

Model: She’s from Scotland, and so am I.

She didn’t understand. Nor did I.

I’ve lost their address. So have I.

1. I’ve got a headache! 2. I didn’t pass my driving test. 3. We went to Corfu last summer. 4. I can speak Italian. 5. I’m not going out tonight. 6. I have never seen her. 7. I didn’t expect him to come here. 8. I have just spoken to them. 9. I like apples. 10. Peter gave up smoking. 11. I didn’t promise them much. 12. I can do something about the house. 13. I’ll do it with pleasure. 14. I am pleased to meet you.

Exercise 23 Rewrite the sentences emphasizing the words in italics.

Model: The Beatles recorded ‘Let it Be’. – It was the Beatles who recorded Let it Be.

1. Paul McCartney sang the lead. 2. The video was recorded on a rooftop. 3. The record was released in 1969. 4. John Lennon played lead guitar. 5. The Beatles broke up shortly after this.

Exercise 24 Practice the Inversion making the following sentences more emphatic.

Model: I had never before been asked to accept such a proposal.

Never before had I been asked to accept such a proposal.

1. He never in his life needed support as badly as now. 2. Though he is unhappy, he never shows it. 3. They would on no account agree to invite him. 4. I have nowhere else seen such beautiful nature. 5. A man rarely showed such courage. 6. Sam sounded so natural that nobody suspected him of anything.

Exercise 25 Rewrite the sentences starting with so or such.

Model: Being tired, Don slept for twelve hours. – So tired was Don that he slept for twelve hours.

1. He had such a fierce dog that we were terrified. 2. I got so angry that I screamed. 3. We received such a big telephone bill that we couldn’t pay it. 4. The sea looked so lovely that we dived in.

Exercise 26 Complete the sentences using the words in italics.

Model: She remembered the man’s name after he’d walked away. (remember) – Only after he’d walked away did she remember the man’s name.

1. They had no idea it was a classical concert. (know) – Little ... 2. There’s no way I can come to the meeting on Friday. (can) – In no way ... 3. They could only keep the children quiet by giving them sweets. (by) – Only ... 4. She’s a talented dancer and a good singer as well. (only) – Not ... 5. Don’t show these figures to anyone on any account. (should) – On no account ... 6. I haven’t seen better service anywhere. (else) – Nowhere ... 7. As soon as he had eaten, he jumped up and began to dance. (sooner) – No ... 8. The papers blew away. (blew) – Away ... 9. They didn’t see the sign until it was too late. (did) – Not until it was ... 10. If I were you, I’d just ignore her cruel remarks. (you) – Were ... 11. I’ve never seen Chris pay for a drink. (occasion) – On ... 12. You should never lend Tony your car. (circumstances) – Under ...