
- •В.П. Сімонок
- •Contents
- •Передмова
- •Структура підручника
- •Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar
- •(Речення з дієсловом to have (have got))
- •Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
- •Порівняльні сполучники та звороти
- •Nouns: Countable and Uncountable Plural and Singular
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •From the history of railways:
- •200 Years of progress
- •Conversational practice
- •At the Railway Ticket Office
- •Word building
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Possessive Case of Nouns
- •Articles
- •Imperative Sentences
- •Prepositions of Time
- •Prepositions of Place
- •Questions General Questions
- •Special Questions
- •Alternative Questions
- •Tag Questions
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense in the Passive
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Exercise 49 Pre-reading discussion.
- •Railway traffic operation
- •Supplementary text railroading begins
- •Conversational practice
- •I’m sorry Excuse me of course Pardon
- •Word building
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Grammar Continuous Tense
- •Present Continuous Tense
- •Past Continuous Tense
- •Future Continuous Tense
- •Verbs, used only in simple tenses
- •Pronouns
- •Numerals
- •Розміри, виміри
- •Номери телефонів, автобусів та ін.
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •The railroad track
- •Unusual railways
- •It’s interesting to know... Around the world: track innovations
- •Conversational practice
- •I’ll ring back later.
- •I’m having a party on Saturday. Can you come?
- •Grammar revision
- •The Tower of London
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Grammar Perfect Tense (Часи групи Perfect)
- •Present Perfect Tense
- •Past Perfect Tense
- •Future Perfect Tense
- •The Loch Ness Wallet
- •Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Present Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Past Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Underground railways
- •Kharkiv underground
- •It is interesting to know... News in Brief about World Metros
- •Conversational practice
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Sequence of Tenses
- •Виключення з правила узгодження часів
- •Direct and Reported Speech
- •Питальні речення у непрямій мові
- •The Stress Interview
- •Interview
- •Наказові речення у непрямій мові
- •Expressions of Quantity Вираження кількості
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Railway construction: tunnels and bridges
- •Various types of passenger stock
- •Freight cars and containers
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Exercise 46 Translate the adjectives.
- •Grammar review
- •Amazing but true!
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Father’s Motto
- •Compound Forms of Present Participle
- •Supplementary text: New Energy from Old Sources
- •Reading rules
- •Exercise 1 Read the following word groups.
- •Exercise 2 Read the following words.
- •Grammar Present Participle and Past Participle
- •Use of Participles
- •Compound Forms of Present Participle
- •Exercise 19 Translate the word combinations using participles.
- •Absolute Participle Construction
- •Compound Sentences Types of Subordinate Clauses
- •Reading comprehension Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Power supply system
- •Exercise 40 Answer the questions.
- •Exercise 41 Replace the italicised words with the synonyms from the text.
- •Exercise 42 Find the words from which the following derivatives are produced.
- •Is connected, float, to convert
- •Exercise 46 Match the words and their definition
- •Supplementary Text new energy from old sources
- •Exercise 52 Work in pairs. Make a list of things we take for granted in our daily lives that would not be possible without electricity. Exchange your list with those of other members of the group.
- •It’s interesting to know…
- •Conversational practice
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Travelling by train
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Gerund
- •Функції герундія
- •It takes your breath away!
- •Exercise 12 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the use of that.
- •Shall / Will
- •Irregular verbs
- •New technologies on world railways
- •Computer Crime
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar
- •Infinitive
- •Форми інфінітива
- •Функції інфінітива
- •Exercise 4 Translate the following sentences and word combinations.
- •Exercise 5 Translate the sentences defining the function of the Infinitive.
- •The Brave Old Lady and the Hopeless Crook1
- •Attributive Group
- •Exercise 14 Find the headword of the word combinations and translate them.
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •High speed rail
- •500 Series Shinkansen
- •Supplementary Text a High-speed Trains Versus Automobiles and Airplanes
- •What is maglev?
- •Russian / German High-Speed Pact
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Exercise 35 Translate the following sentences.
- •Compound words
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Phrasal Verbs
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Complex Object
- •Exercise 3 Translate the sentences paying attention to the Complex Object.
- •Exercise 9 Translate the sentences using the Complex Object.
- •Complex Subject (Суб’єктний інфінітивний зворот)
- •Exercise 14 Translate the sentences using the Complex Subject.
- •An Overheard Conversation
- •Phrasal Verbs
- •The Art of Feng Shui
- •Reading comprehension Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Railway transport economics
- •Exercise 35 Answer the following questions according to the text.
- •Exercise 36 Find English equivalents.
- •Logistics on the Move
- •Word building
- •Enjoy yourself
- •The Song of the Engine
- •Three Types of Conditional Sentences
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Subjunctive Mood
- •3. Past Indefinite або Past Perfect.
- •Three Types of Conditional Sentences
- •Emphasis
- •Inversion
- •Exercise 27 Let’s talk about writers (artists, composers, etc.) both classical and modern. Express your opinion on Tolstoy, Shevchenko, Levitan, Mozart, etc.
- •Compound Conjunctions (Складові сполучники)
- •Compound Prepositions (Складові прийменники)
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •The future of rail transportation
- •Four Eurasian Corridors
- •Russia proposes Bering Strait tunnel
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Thoughts, that help us live
- •Irregular Verbs
- •Фонетичні правила читання голосних
- •Порядок слів у стверджувальному реченні
- •Active Voice
- •Passive Voice
- •Pronouns
- •Functions of Modal Verbs and Synonymous Expressions
- •Prepositions after Particular Words and Expressions
- •Greetings
- •Getting Acquainted with People
- •Parting with People
- •Invitations and Proposals
- •Apologies
- •Answers
- •Agreeing
- •Disagreeing
- •Hesitations and Lack of Understanding
- •Starting a Conversation
- •Telephoning
- •Transitional Words
- •Word Formation
- •Literature
Exercise 9 Translate the sentences using the Complex Object.
1. Вони очікують, що ви будете на концерті. 2. Я побачила як таксі зупинилося біля супермаркету. 3. Він хоче, щоб ми розказали йому усе. 4. Вона спостерігала як він вийшов з будинку. 5. Його листи примушували її сміятися. 6. Вона чула, як під’їхала машина. 7. Вона бачила, як Том вийшов з воріт зі своєю сестрою. 8. Я ніколи не чула, щоб він так багато говорив. 9. Він спостерігав, як дружина налила кофе та поставила чашку на стіл. 10. Чи хочете ви, щоб я вам допоміг? 11. Я не хочу, щоб ви мені щось розповідали про своїх батьків. 12. Я бачила, що Марі пакувала ящик. 13. Він відійшов та спостерігав, як ми збирали гілки. 14. Ви хочете щоб я пішла туди зараз? 15. Через деякий час він почув, що двері відкрилися та закрилися.
Complex Subject (Суб’єктний інфінітивний зворот)
-
Підмет + Дієслово-присудок
Інфінітив
He is said
Говорять, що він
to know Chinese very well.
дуже добре знає китайську.
MrBrown is expected
Очікують, що містер Браун
to come.
прийде.
Примітка 1. Після hear, observe, perceive та see може використовуватися Present Participle, який вказує на те, що дія не скінчилась.
They were seen waiting. – Бачили, як вони чекали.
Indefinite Infinitive висловлює дію, одночасну з дією присудка.
He is said to work hard at his English. – Говорять, що він наполегливо займається англійською мовою.
Continuous Infinitive підкреслює, що дія є процес, що триває одночасно з дією присудка.
The weather seems to be improving. – Здається, що погода покращується.
Perfect Infinitive висловлює дію, яка трапилась раніше ніж дія присудка.
The house is said to have been built two hundred years ago. – Говорять, що цей будинок було збудовано двісті років тому.
Дієслова, які вживаються тільки в пасивному стані: believe (думати, гадати), consider (вважати), expect (сподіватися), suppose (припускати), say (говорити), report (повідомляти), know (знати), find (знаходити), show (показувати), see (бачити), announce (оголошувати) та ін.
The device is thought to be very reliable. – Гадають, що цей прилад дуже надійний.
This article is expected to be published next month. – Сподіваються, що ця стаття буде надрукована у наступному місяці.
Дієслова, які вживаються тільки в активному стані: seem (здаватися), appear (з’являтися), prove (виявлятися), happen, chance (траплятися).
He seems to know this student well. – Здається, він добре знає цього студента.
Словосполучення, які вживаються у звороті: be likely (певно, цілком ймовірно), be unlikely (малоймовірно), be certain (напевно), be sure (певна річ).
They are likely to return on Sunday. – Напевно, вони повернуться у неділю.
Exercise 10 Translate the sentences.
1. She seems to know English and French. 2. The weather appears to be improving. 3. Lake Baikal is said to be the deepest in the world. 4. The doctor happened to be there at the time of the accident. 5. He proved to be a good teacher. 6. The English delegation is believed to come at the end of the month. 7. This school is considered to be the best in the town. 8. He is known to have a large collection of pictures. 9. The problem is unlikely to be solved in time. 10. This church appears to be made of wood.
Exercise 11 Paraphrase the following sentences using the Complex Subject with the Infinitive.
Model: It is very likely that the prices for these goods will go up again in England. – The prices for these goods are likely to go up again in England.
1. It is certain that they will be here on Monday. 2. It is unlikely that the meeting will be postponed. 3. It is sure that they will come here. 4. It is believed that John has arrived in London. 5. It is known that Jack is good at painting. 6. It is reported that the spaceship has landed successfully. 7. It happened that I saw them at the theatre. 8. It seemed that her dinner party went on too long to her, as it did to you. 9. It is supposed that the students have already submitted their term papers. 10. It was said that the performance had been a success.
Exercise 12 Join these pairs of sentences, deciding when to use a bare infinitive or –ing.
Model: The team members have to work together. That’s what the boss told them. – The team members were told to work together.
1. The old man was wandering around the streets. The police found him. 2. The workers have accepted lower wages. The company has persuaded them. 3. Two men were fighting. We saw them. 4. The victims may take legal action. That’s what their lawyers have advised them. 5. The children had to pick up all the litter. The teacher made them do it. 6. The woman was smuggling cigarettes into the country. Customs officers caught her. 7. The refugees can’t get a job. The government won’t let them. 8. You shouldn’t have driven so fast. I warned you not to.
Exercise 13 Point out the Complex Object and Complex Subject in the following quotations. Translate them.
1. In all things, success depends upon previous preparation, and without such preparation there is sure to be failure. (Confucius) 2. As writers become more numerous, it is natural for readers to become more indolent. (O.Goldsmith) 3. He found it inconvenient to be poor. (W.Cowper) 4. I want to see you shoot the way you shout. (Th.Roosevelt) 5. If we believe a thing to be bad, and if we have a right to prevent it, it is our duty of try to prevent it and to damn the consequences. (A.Milner)