Word building

Adjective suffixes: un-, in-, il-, im-, ir-, non- Adverb suffixes: -ly Verb suffixes: -ize, -fy

Exercise 44 a) Translate the words paying attention to the negative prefixes un- , in- (im-, ir-, il-) and non-.

Uncomfortable, impossible, incorrect, unable, independent, inconvenient, improper, impermanent, irresponsible, non-existent, non-conductor, non-standard, unfair, unjust, untrue, uncertain, unclear, unconcerned, unsuitable, uncultured, uncover, unfasten, unfix, non-resistance, non-durable, non-provided, non-governmental, non-essential, irresistible, indelicate, illegible, immoral, incomparable, infrequent, illiterate, immovable.

b) Express the ideas with only one word using the appropriate negative prefixes.

un- not able, not seen, not lawful, not well, not intentional, not explored, not selfish, that cannot be forgotten, that cannot be changed, that cannot be mentioned, that cannot be recognized, that cannot be thought of, that cannon be believed, that cannot be achieved;

in- (il-, im-, ir-) that cannot be comprehended, that cannot be conceived, that cannot be approached, that cannot be exhausted, that lacks logic, that lacks resolution, that lacks sanity, that lacks formality.

c) Translate the following verbs using the stems given.

un- виймати пробку (cork), відмикати (lock), викривати (mask), знімати кришку (cover), відколювати (pin), некритичний (critical), нестійкий (steady), неохайний (tidy), небезпечний (safe), недійсний (real), незбагнений (achievable), нечестолюбний (ambitions), несхвалений (approved);

in- (il-, im-, ir-) несором’язливий (modest), нелогічний (logical), нетвердий (firm), непристойний (decent), нерішучий (resolute), неправильний (correct), незвичайний (regular), невиразний (expressive), нелегальний (legal).

Exercise 45 Consult the dictionary and find out the difference between the following pairs of words.

non-human – inhuman, non-moral – immoral, non-logical – illogical, non-natural – unnatural.

Exercise 46 Translate the following words and define the root word the suffix is added to.

a) Slowly, readily, softly, attentively, weakly, strongly, comfortably, boldly, heavily, carefully, hastily, skilfully, practically, theoretically, icily, regularly, tactfully, solemnly, evenly, finally, attentively, closely, effectively, strongly;

b) economize, centralize, mechanize, mineralise, hospitalise, specialize, localize, particularize, generalize, standardize, naturalize, patronize;

c) beautify, simplify, glorify, purify, rarefy, classify, horrify, falsify, personify, terrify, certify, intensify, justify, electrify.

Grammar revision

Exercise 47 Open the brackets, using verbs in the appropriate tense.

1. We (bring) a lot of berries from the wood. Now we shall make jam. 2. Look! Jane (swim) across the river. 3. What you (do) at six o’clock yesterday? 4. You ever (see) the Pyramids? 5. I (go) to the Caucasus two years ago. 6. We (go) to school every day. 7. Nick (do) his homework by seven o’clock yesterday. 8. You (help) your father tomorrow? 9. When Nick (come) home yesterday his mother (return) and (cook) dinner in the kitchen. 10. When Mr and Mrs Smith (arrive) home, they (discover) that someone (break) into their house. Their video recorder and television (disappear). They (not know) what they (do) to deserve this bad luck.

Exercise 48 Fill in with the appropriate past form.

	Indefinite	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Past	I took	I was taking	I had taken	I had been taking

In 1894 a steamship (sail) across the Atlantic Ocean from England to America. The sun (shine) and a gentle breeze (blow). The ship (sail) for three weeks and was halfway to its destination – New York. The passengers (relax) on deck when suddenly they (hear) a loud bang. They all (jump) up, (run) to the edge of the boat and (look) over the side. To their horror they saw that they (hit) some hard object which (tear) a hole in the side of the ship. Water (pour) into the steamship at an alarming speed. Fortunately another ship arrived half an hour later, just in time to save everyone on board.

Exercise 49 Read the true story and then write the questions.

A couple called Michael and Kate, who lived in Hereford in England, booked a holiday using the Internet. They thought they were going to Gerona in Spain. When they arrived after their flight, they were puzzled because they saw Italian flags everywhere. When a bus driver refused their pesetas, they realized something was wrong. Michael and Kate only spoke English, so they asked another British couple for help. That was when they discovered that they were in Genoa in Italy. Their mistake was that they had clicked the wrong box.

Questions	Answers
What were the names of the two people?	Michael and Kate.
1.__________________________ live?	In Hereford.
2. _______________________ holiday?	They used the Internet.
3. _____________________________ ?	To Gerona.
4. _____________________________ ?	They flew.
5. _____________________________ ?	Because of all the Italian flags.
6. _____________________________ ?	When someone refused their pesetas.
7. _____________________________ ?	Another British couple.
8. _____________________________ ?	They told them they were in Italy.
9. _____________________________ ?	The wrong one.

Exercise 50 Decide which descriptions go with which sentences.

1. I might go out later on. 2. You must wait in the queue. 3. I’d rather cycle than walk. 4. Yes, of course you can borrow my bike. 5. We ought to write a letter of thanks. 6. We could all meet up next weekend. 7. I daren’t look down. 8. This phone number must be wrong. 9. Shoes must not be worn in the gym. 10. The café should open soon. 11. Could you dry these dishes?

a) giving permission; b) making a suggestion; c) making a request; d) saying something will probably happen; e) saying something is necessarily true; f) expressing an uncertain intention; g) saying what is the right thing to do; h) forbidding something; i) saying you are afraid to do something; j) saying you prefer one thing to another; k) ordering someone to do something.