Shall / Will

Майбутні дії Future Tense	She will be here in a couple of minutes. We shall need the money on the 15th.
Впевненість Certainty	There is somebody at the door. That’ll be the postman. Tomorrow will be cloudy, with some rain.
Намір та рішучість Willingness and Decisions	I really will stop smoking! Can somebody help me? – I will. The car won’t start.
Пропозиції, накази та запитання Requests, Orders and Offers	Will you send me the bill, please? Won’t you have some more wine? Will you be quiet, please! Shall I open the window? Shall we go out for a meal?
Типова поведінка Typical Behaviour	She will sit talking to herself for hours. When you look at clouds they will often remind you of animals.

Exercise 14 Make up sentences and translate them.

Shall	he	open the window?
	I	read?
	we	translate the sentence?
	you	stay here?
	they	go to the Zoo on Sunday?

Exercise 15 Work in pairs. You are discussing the coming holiday. Compose sentences using shall we ...? and give answers.

Model: where? – Where shall we go?

seaside / mountains? – Shall we go to the seaside or to the mountains?

1. this country / abroad? 2. when? 3. how long for? 4. fly / train / drive? 5. hotel / camp? 6. stay in one place / travel around? 7. take Granny? 8. go with the Jacksons? 9. what do with the dogs?

Exercise 16 a) Make requests for the following situations.

Model: Will you please open the door for me?

1. hold the door open for you; 2. dial a number for you; 3. translate a letter for you; 4. deliver some flowers for you.

b) Make offers for the following situations.

Model: Shall I carry that for you?

1. An old lady clearly wants to put her large suitcase on the luggage rack. 2. A young woman is shivering and the window is open. 3. Your friend accidentally drops some sheets of paper on the floor.

c) Make suggestions to a friend for the following situations.

Model: Shall we go for a swim?

1. driving to the coast; 2. having a meal out this evening; 3. travelling first class; 4. having a holiday in the Carpathians.

Exercise 17 Paraphrase the following according to the models.

Models: Close the window, please. – Will (would) you close the window? I shall willingly buy it. – I will buy it. I can’t write with this pen. – This pen will not (won’t) write.

1. Come in, please. 2. Pass me the salt, please. 3. Please wait for me a little. 4. Give me your pen, please. 5.We shall willingly work in this firm. 6. I shall willingly go to the theatre this evening. 7. I shall willingly help you. 8. I can’t open the window. 9. I couldn’t turn on the TV set. 10. We can’t work with this machine. 11. She couldn’t close the suitcase.

Exercise 18 Here are some laws of nature. Join the beginnings and the ends. Write a paragraph in which you paraphrase the laws, explain it through a series of supporting sentences, and make your own judgement about it. Feel free to agree or disagree with the idea.

BEGINNINGS	ENDS
After you have bought something, If anything can go wrong, If there are two good TV shows, If you explain so clearly that nobody can misunderstand, If you throw something away, No matter how much you do, The one who snores The other queue	it will. somebody will. they will both be at the same time. will always move faster. will fall asleep first. you will find it somewhere else cheaper. you’ll need it the whole day. you’ll never do enough.

Exercise 19 Which of the following uses of will indicate willingness, refusal, a promise, a threat or typical behaviour.

1. I’ll make sure John is informed. 2. Oil will float on water. 3. She won’t listen, she’s so stubborn. 4. Patrick will keep on asking stupid questions. 5. I’ll take your calls for you while you’re out. 6. Either I get the job or I’ll leave the company. 7. Will you call him back when you’ve got a moment? 8. I’ve changed the battery but my mobile phone still won’t work. 9. She will always be the first person to arrive on a Monday morning. 10. If you don’t sign the new contract we’ll have to move you to another post. 11. Would you put your name and company in the visitor’s book, please? 12. Before the use of computers we would have to record all our data on card files.

Should / Would

Обов’язок Obligation	Everybody should wear car seat belt.
Умовні речення Conditionals, Subjunctive	If I knew her name, I would tell you. It’s important that she should talk to me.
Запитання, пропозиції (менш категорично ніж will та shall) Requests and Offers	Would you open the window, please? Would you like tea, or would you prefer coffee? Should I change my job or stay where I am?
Вірогідність Probability	We’re spending the winter in Florida. That should be nice.
Узгодження часів Sequence of Tenses	They asked what they should do. There was a chance that my letter would arrive in time.
Повторні дії у минулому Typical Behaviour in the Past	She would dust and iron, but she didn’t like doing windows. The car wouldn’t start again this morning.

Exercise 20 Make up sentences and translate them.

I	should	visit him.
He		help him.
We		be more attentive.
You		know this.
They		be listening to the teacher.

Exercise 21 Make offers for the following things and substances.

Model: Would / Wouldn’t you like a sandwich?

Some coffee, a slice of toast, some potatoes, an orange, some fruit.

Exercise 22 Make suggestions / invitations for the following situations.

Model: Would / Wouldn’t you like to come with us?

1. Your friend has nowhere to stay for the night. 2. You want your friend to join you for a meal. 3. You want your friend to come on an excursion. 4. You want your friends to have a holiday with you. 5. A friend has just come to see you in your flat. 6. There is a concert tonight and you are going with some friends. Invite them. 7. You are sitting in a crowded bus. There is an old lady standing.

Exercise 23 Which do you think is better – must or should?

1. You know, I think you ... take a holiday. 2. Tell Mark he ... tidy his room at once. 3. Visitors are reminded that they ... keep their bags with them. 4. I’m sorry, but you ... go. We don’t want you here. 5. I really ... go on a diet. I’ll start today! 6. I suppose I ... write to Aunt Rachel one of these days. 7. You absolutely ... check the tyres before you take the car out today. 8. All officers ... report to the Commanding Officer by midday. 9. You ... have your hair cut at least once a week. 10. I think men ... wear jackets and ties in restaurants.

Exercise 24 Complete these sentences with should + infinitive of the following verbs: check, include, keep, listen, meet, plan, receive, refrigerate, and stay.

1. You ... my reply. 2. This medicine ... in a cool place. 3. Here’s someone you really ... . 4. If you’re feeling ill, you ... at home today, if I were you. 5. To have got a better mark, you ... your answers more thoroughly. 6. According to the label, the jam ... after opening. 7. I think you ... to him. 8. As a scientist she ... the experiment more carefully. 9. The information you send ... details of courses taken at university.

Need, Dare

Need	You needn’t fill in a form. (You don’t need to fill in a form.) – Вам немає потреби заповнювати анкету. Do I need to pay now? (Need I pay now?) – Мені треба заплатити зараз? The sofa needs cleaning. (= needs to be cleaned) – Диван потребує чищення.
Dare	He dares to say what he thinks. – Він відважується говорити те, що думає. He dare not say what he thinks. – Він не відважується говорити, що думає. Dare she tell him? – Чи відважиться вона сказати йому?

Exercise 25 Make up as many sentences as you can.

I	needn’t	do this exercise now.
They		have learned this poem by heart.
He / she		be afraid.
We		have called the doctor.
You		lock the door.

Exercise 26 Complete these sentences with needn’t, using the verbs: come, worry, get, write, phone, ring, take, think, and try.

1. You ... up yet, because there’s no school today. 2. He ... everything down. Just the phone number will do. 3. She ... and see me if she doesn’t want to; I don’t mind. 4. You ... about me. I’m fine. 5. You ... I care about you, because I don’t. 6. Tell him he ... the bell; he can just walk straight in. 7. I’d like to see her today, but it ... very long. 8. Just come when you like, any time. You ... first. 9. You ... to explain. I’m not interested.

Exercise 27 Write a sentence with dare so that it has a similar meaning.

Model: I’m too scared to go up the roof. – I daren’t go up on the roof.

1. No one has the courage to argue with the President. 2. We’re afraid to go out after dark. 3. People were too frightened to resist the invaders. 4. Are you brave enough to step into the unknown? 5. You have no right to come in here without knocking!

Exercise 28 Paraphrase the following using should, shall, would, will, and need.

1. I advise you to buy this coat. 2. I don’t advise you to go there tonight. 3. I think you must apologize to her. 4. I think you mustn’t go there alone. 5. Do you want me to turn on the radio? 6. Do you want me to write this word on the blackboard? 7. Do you want me to lock the door? 8. It’s a pity you broke it. 9. I think you had better read aloud.

Exercise 29 Translate the sentences with modal verbs.

1.Вам слід бути більш уважним. 2. Нам треба було купити квитки заздалегідь. 3. Тобі не треба було замикати дверей. 4. Ти б провідала її. 5. Вам слід було б зачекати їх. 6. Як ти смієш бути таким брехливим? 7. Я не наважувалась тобі подзвонити. 8. Він мав зухвалість прогулювати цілі місяці в інституті. 9. Я з великою охотою буду чекати на твій дзвінок. 10. Сідайте, будь ласка. 11. Вип’єте кави?

READING AND DISCUSSION

Active Vocabulary

increasingly – adv все більше і більше

trend – n напрям, тенденція

brake – n гальмо

within – prep в, у рамках чогось

supersede – v заміняти, зміщати; syn replace

coupling – n зчеплення; couple – v зчеплювати; n пара

chain – n ланцюг

smart train – потяг, оснащений смарт-технологіями; syn intelligent; smart card – смарт-картка (платіжна картка з вбудованим мікропроцесором)

profitability – n прибутковість, рентабельність; profit – n прибуток; v одержувати прибуток; скористатися нагодою; profitable – adj прибутковий

leap – n стрибок; leap year – високосний рік

establish – v встановлювати, засновувати

constantly – adj постійно, увесь час; constant – adj постійний

update – v відновлювати

protection – n захист, охорона; protect – v захищати

be underway – проходити, здійснюватися

throughout – adv всюди, в усіх відношеннях; through – prep через, скрізь

visible – adj очевидний, явний, наочний

interoperable – adj експлуатаційно сумісний (інтероперабільний)

be aimed at – бути націленим на

cross-border traffic – рух, що перетинає кордон

involve – v включати в себе, передбачати, залучати, торкатися

implement – v використовувати, виконувати

hardware – n технічне забезпечення, обладнання; software – n програмне забезпечення

flexible – adj гнучкий

interface – n зв’язок; syn link, communication

simulation – n моделювання; simulate – v моделювати; simulator – n тренажер, макет, модель

create – v створювати; creature – n створення, істота

multiple – adj складний, численний, різноманітний, багатоскладовий

trainee – n практикант, стажер

affect – v впливати

ever-expanding – adj той, що постійно поширюється; expand – v розширяти(ся)

present – v представляти, представляти собою, дарувати; n подарунок; adj – присутній, теперішній; at present – зараз

concept – n ідея, концепція

pay – v платити

foreseeable – adj передбачуваний; foresee – v передбачати

pursuit – n переслідування, погоня