Grammar Gerund

(Герундій)

	Active	Passive
Indefinite (Simple)	writing	being written
Perfect	having written	having been written

Герундій – це нeособова форма дієслова, що має властивості дієслова та іменника (віддієслівний іменник). Герундій називає дію як процес: reading читання, listening слухання.

Неперфектна форма виражає дію, одночасну з дією присудка; може відноситися до майбутнього або не залежати від часу.

We intend shipping the goods in May. – Ми сподіваємося відправити товари у травні (відноситься до майбутнього).

He likes being invited by his friends. – Він любить, коли його запрошують друзі (не залежить від часу).

He sat without turning his head. – Він сидів, не обертаючись (одночасна дія).

Перфектна форма виражає дію, що відбулася раніше дії присудка.

Thank you for having helped me. – Дякую, що допомогли мені.

Після прийменників on, after вживається неперфектний герундій:

After talking to you I always feel better. – Після того, як я з тобою поговорю, я завжди почуваю себе краще.

Функції герундія

Функції	Приклади
Підмет	Smoking is not allowed here. – Курити тут не дозволено.
Іменна частина присудка	His hobby is driving a car. – Його хобі – керування машини.
Доповнення: пряме (після begin, start, (dis)like, continue, prefer, hate, intend, can afford, need, remember, enjoy, mind, be busy, excuse, be worth etc)	Excuse my interrupting you. – Пробачте, що втручаюсь. They began building new houses here. – Вони почали будувати тут нові дома.
прийменникове (після depend on, rely on, dream of, object to, blame for, thank for, be interested in, be surprised at, be responsible for, prevent from, result in, be engaged in, fear of, think of, be afraid of, be fond of, insist on, get used to, look forward to, feel like, cat’t help etc)	They spoke about their travelling to the North. – Вони говорили про подорожування на Схід. I look forward to receiving your letter. – Я з нетерпінням чекаю вашого листа. You’ll get used to driving on the left. – Ви звикнете до лівостороннього руху.
Обставина (після прийменників after, before, on, by, without, instead of, besides)	After reading the letter I put it into the drawer. – Після того, як я прочитав листа, я його відклав у шухляду. They ate without talking. – Вони їли не розмовляючи.
Означення (після абстрактних іменників importance of, interest in, reason for, hope of, way of, experience in, opportunity of, idea of, chance of перед означальним іменником)	What’s your idea of bringing up children? – Яка твоя думка про виховання дітей? She had come with the intention of saying something definite. – Вона прийшла з наміром щось ясно висловити. You have always been in the habit of giving her playthings. – Ви завжди маєте звичку давати їй іграшки. writing paper, dancing place

Примітка 1. Перед герундієм може стояти присвійний займенник або іменник у присвійному відмінку.

I don’t mind your going without me.

She was angry at John’s saying these words.

Примітка 2. після need, want, require, be worth вживається герундій у дійсному стані, незважаючи на пасивне значення.

My shoes need repairing.

Exercise 4 Complete the sentences with –ing forms of the following verbs:

answer, climb, drink, forget, hear, learn, lie, pay, say, ski, type, watch.

1. ... too much alcohol is very bad for you. 2. I don’t like ... bills. 3. He really enjoys ... his own voice. 4. What’s wrong with ... in bed all day? 5. Her favourite sports are ... and ... mountains. 6. ... languages is hard work. 7. I hate ... goodbye. 8. ... is better than remembering. 9. ... animals can teach you a lot. 10. ‘What’s your job?’ – ‘... the phone and ... letters.’

Exercise 5 Make up sentences from the table.

1. Are you interested 2. Do you feel 3. Do you have time 4. He insisted 5. He passed his exams 6. How 7. I apologize 8. I like walking 9. I sometimes dream 10. I’m fed up 11. I’m not capable 12. I’m tired 13. She succeeded 14. She talked 15. She’s keen 16. She’s very good 17. Thank you 18. We’re excited 19. We’re thinking 20. Why don’t you come out with us 21. You can’t live

about as well as at besides for in in spite of instead of like of on with without

answering that child’s questions. changing her job, but I don’t think she will. coming to Greece with us? convincing the police that she was not a burglar. cooking. disturbing you. eating. going out to a restaurant tonight? having time to read all my books. helping me? looking after the children? moving to Canada. not doing any work. paying for everything. playing football. seeing George next week. selling things. staying at home? swimming and dancing. telling me the truth. understanding this – it’s too difficult.

Exercise 6 Join two sentences to make one sentence.

Model: Don’t worry about it. It’s no use. – It’s no use worrying about it.

1. Don’t try to escape. It’s no use. 2. Don’t smoke. It’s a waste of money. 3. Don’t ask Tom to help you. It’s no good. 4. Don’t hurry. It’s not worth it. 5. Don’t study if you’re feeling tired. There’s no point. 6. Don’t read newspapers. It’s a waste of time. 7. Don’t get angry. It’s not worth it.

Exercise 7 Complete these sentences with one of the following expressions. Put the verb into the correct form.

go skiing, go shopping, go swimming, go sailing, go riding

1. Barry lives by the sea and he’s got a boat, so he often ... . 2. There’s plenty of snow in the mountains so we’ll be able to ... . 3. It was a very hot day, so we ... in the river. 4. Margaret likes horses. She often ... . 5. The shops are shut now. It’s too late to ... .

Exercise 8 Translate the sentences paying attention to the Gerund.

1. Reading English technical journals is important for an engineer. 2. They finished installing the apparatus only on Saturday. 3. They began making the experiment in May. 4. After failing his examination in January he had to take it again in February. 5. After the meeting they discussed different ways of improving their work. 6. The organizers of the conference were informed of his refusing to take part in it. 7. We heard of the experiment having started last week. 8. He improved his report by changing the end. 9. New possibilities for applying atomic energy open up. 10. I am looking forward to sending my children to the country for the holidays. 11. I’m surprised at his missing lessons so often. 12. I’m surprised at your having missed so many lessons.

Exercise 9 Combine the sentences using the Gerund.

Model A: After he finished school, he worked at a plant. – After finishing school he worked at a plant.

1. After they passed their exams, they went to the mountains. 2. Before he moved to this town he lived in Kiev. 3. After he wrote the letter, she went to the post-office. 4. Before you cross the street you must look to the left and then to the right. 5. I turned off the light before I left home. 6. We met him after we walked about two miles.

Model B: She insisted that she should go to the library. – She insisted on going to the library.

1. He insisted that he should show them the way. 2. He insisted that he should be shown the way. 3. They insisted that they should help me. 4. They insisted that they should be helped with their work. 5. I insisted that I should examine them in the afternoon. 6. I insisted that I should be examined first.

Model C: When she plays, I enjoy it. – I enjoy her playing.

1. When you quarrel, I dislike it. 2. When you open the window, I don’t mind it. 3. When they dance, I enjoy it. 4. When he gets an excellent mark, his parents are pleased with it. 5. If you make noise, I dislike it. 6. When you don’t know the lesson, I am surprised at it. 7. If you pass your examination well, I’ll be proud of it.

Exercise 10 Put in the correct forms of the Gerund.