
- •В.П. Сімонок
- •Contents
- •Передмова
- •Структура підручника
- •Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar
- •(Речення з дієсловом to have (have got))
- •Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
- •Порівняльні сполучники та звороти
- •Nouns: Countable and Uncountable Plural and Singular
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •From the history of railways:
- •200 Years of progress
- •Conversational practice
- •At the Railway Ticket Office
- •Word building
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Possessive Case of Nouns
- •Articles
- •Imperative Sentences
- •Prepositions of Time
- •Prepositions of Place
- •Questions General Questions
- •Special Questions
- •Alternative Questions
- •Tag Questions
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense in the Passive
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Exercise 49 Pre-reading discussion.
- •Railway traffic operation
- •Supplementary text railroading begins
- •Conversational practice
- •I’m sorry Excuse me of course Pardon
- •Word building
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Grammar Continuous Tense
- •Present Continuous Tense
- •Past Continuous Tense
- •Future Continuous Tense
- •Verbs, used only in simple tenses
- •Pronouns
- •Numerals
- •Розміри, виміри
- •Номери телефонів, автобусів та ін.
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •The railroad track
- •Unusual railways
- •It’s interesting to know... Around the world: track innovations
- •Conversational practice
- •I’ll ring back later.
- •I’m having a party on Saturday. Can you come?
- •Grammar revision
- •The Tower of London
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Grammar Perfect Tense (Часи групи Perfect)
- •Present Perfect Tense
- •Past Perfect Tense
- •Future Perfect Tense
- •The Loch Ness Wallet
- •Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Present Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Past Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Underground railways
- •Kharkiv underground
- •It is interesting to know... News in Brief about World Metros
- •Conversational practice
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Sequence of Tenses
- •Виключення з правила узгодження часів
- •Direct and Reported Speech
- •Питальні речення у непрямій мові
- •The Stress Interview
- •Interview
- •Наказові речення у непрямій мові
- •Expressions of Quantity Вираження кількості
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Railway construction: tunnels and bridges
- •Various types of passenger stock
- •Freight cars and containers
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Exercise 46 Translate the adjectives.
- •Grammar review
- •Amazing but true!
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Father’s Motto
- •Compound Forms of Present Participle
- •Supplementary text: New Energy from Old Sources
- •Reading rules
- •Exercise 1 Read the following word groups.
- •Exercise 2 Read the following words.
- •Grammar Present Participle and Past Participle
- •Use of Participles
- •Compound Forms of Present Participle
- •Exercise 19 Translate the word combinations using participles.
- •Absolute Participle Construction
- •Compound Sentences Types of Subordinate Clauses
- •Reading comprehension Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Power supply system
- •Exercise 40 Answer the questions.
- •Exercise 41 Replace the italicised words with the synonyms from the text.
- •Exercise 42 Find the words from which the following derivatives are produced.
- •Is connected, float, to convert
- •Exercise 46 Match the words and their definition
- •Supplementary Text new energy from old sources
- •Exercise 52 Work in pairs. Make a list of things we take for granted in our daily lives that would not be possible without electricity. Exchange your list with those of other members of the group.
- •It’s interesting to know…
- •Conversational practice
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Travelling by train
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Gerund
- •Функції герундія
- •It takes your breath away!
- •Exercise 12 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the use of that.
- •Shall / Will
- •Irregular verbs
- •New technologies on world railways
- •Computer Crime
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar
- •Infinitive
- •Форми інфінітива
- •Функції інфінітива
- •Exercise 4 Translate the following sentences and word combinations.
- •Exercise 5 Translate the sentences defining the function of the Infinitive.
- •The Brave Old Lady and the Hopeless Crook1
- •Attributive Group
- •Exercise 14 Find the headword of the word combinations and translate them.
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •High speed rail
- •500 Series Shinkansen
- •Supplementary Text a High-speed Trains Versus Automobiles and Airplanes
- •What is maglev?
- •Russian / German High-Speed Pact
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Exercise 35 Translate the following sentences.
- •Compound words
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Phrasal Verbs
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Complex Object
- •Exercise 3 Translate the sentences paying attention to the Complex Object.
- •Exercise 9 Translate the sentences using the Complex Object.
- •Complex Subject (Суб’єктний інфінітивний зворот)
- •Exercise 14 Translate the sentences using the Complex Subject.
- •An Overheard Conversation
- •Phrasal Verbs
- •The Art of Feng Shui
- •Reading comprehension Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Railway transport economics
- •Exercise 35 Answer the following questions according to the text.
- •Exercise 36 Find English equivalents.
- •Logistics on the Move
- •Word building
- •Enjoy yourself
- •The Song of the Engine
- •Three Types of Conditional Sentences
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Subjunctive Mood
- •3. Past Indefinite або Past Perfect.
- •Three Types of Conditional Sentences
- •Emphasis
- •Inversion
- •Exercise 27 Let’s talk about writers (artists, composers, etc.) both classical and modern. Express your opinion on Tolstoy, Shevchenko, Levitan, Mozart, etc.
- •Compound Conjunctions (Складові сполучники)
- •Compound Prepositions (Складові прийменники)
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •The future of rail transportation
- •Four Eurasian Corridors
- •Russia proposes Bering Strait tunnel
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Thoughts, that help us live
- •Irregular Verbs
- •Фонетичні правила читання голосних
- •Порядок слів у стверджувальному реченні
- •Active Voice
- •Passive Voice
- •Pronouns
- •Functions of Modal Verbs and Synonymous Expressions
- •Prepositions after Particular Words and Expressions
- •Greetings
- •Getting Acquainted with People
- •Parting with People
- •Invitations and Proposals
- •Apologies
- •Answers
- •Agreeing
- •Disagreeing
- •Hesitations and Lack of Understanding
- •Starting a Conversation
- •Telephoning
- •Transitional Words
- •Word Formation
- •Literature
Nouns: Countable and Uncountable Plural and Singular
(Зліченні та незліченні іменники.
Однина і множина)
Іменники поділяються на зліченні та незліченні.
Зліченні іменники мають однину та множину, перед ними можуть стояти неозначений a (an) або означений (the) артиклі.
Однина: a flower, one week, the place, this shop.
Множина: some flowers, two weeks, many places, these shops.
Утворення множини іменників, що закінчуються на:
-s/-sh/-ch/-x/-o + es: bus – buses, church – churches, tomato – tomatoes
Але! photos, pianos
y → ies: baby – babies
Але! -ay/-ey/-oy + s: day – days, monkey – monkeys
-f/-fe → ves: shelf – shelves , life – lives, wife – wives , knife – knives
Але! roofs, chiefs, safes
Іменники грецького та латинського походження:
basis – bases analysis – analyses axis – axes crisis – crises phasis – phases formula – formulae nucleus – nuclei |
focus – foci stimulus – stimuli radius – radii phenomenon – phenomena minimum – minima maximum – maxima datum – data |
Особливі випадки:
a man – men a woman – women a child – children a fish – fish a sheep – sheep a deer – deer an ox – oxen a person – people |
a goose – geese a tooth – teeth a foot - feet a mouse – mice a penny – pence (сума грошей) It costs 16 pence. Але: pennies (монети) Pennies are made of bronze. |
Незліченні іменники позначають сфери діяльності та галузі дослідження, матеріали, рідини, їжу, природні явища, абстрактні поняття тощо: education, economics, water, bread, weather, knowledge, politics, luggage, progress, research, money, vacation, evidence, fruit, hair, information, news, advice.
Вони зазвичай не мають форми множини та з артиклем a (an) не вживаються (можливо вживання the, some).
No news is good news. Time is money. He never listens to advice.
Незліченні іменники також можуть виділятися як одиничні: a glass of water, a loaf of bread, a piece of cheese, a cup of tea, a bottle of milk, a can of oil, an interesting item of news, a bit (word) of advice, pieces of luggage, scraps of information.
Деякі іменники не мають однини і вживаються частіше у множині:
1) cattle, police, crew, the British.
The police were called.
In 1581 the Dutch declared their independence from Spain.
2) парні іменники: shorts, scissors, pants, glasses, trousers, jeans.
The pants are in the drawer. A pair of pants is in the drawer.
3) clothes, congratulations, contents, funds (=money), outskirts, savings, thanks, troops.
Congratulations on your new job.
She lives on the outskirts of Cambridge.
Слова, що позначають групу людей, можуть вживатися як в однині, так і у множині: class, club, committee, family, firm, government group, team, army, crowd, jury, majority, minority, public, school, union.
Our team is/are going to win the game.
The family was (were) happy to hear the news.
Іменники, які мають у множині додаткове значення:
Однина |
Множина |
arm – рука colour – колір custom – звичка, звичай good – добро iron – залізо pain – біль scale – масштаб work – робота |
arms – зброя colours – прапор customs – митниця goods – товар irons – наручники pains – зусилля scales – вага, терези works – завод |
Exercise 32 Write the nouns in plural if possible. Find ten uncountable nouns.
Flower, umbrella, family, boat, address, foot, health, woman, knife, holiday, city, sandwich, potato, tie, photo, day, datum, date, life, bus, hair, fun, joke, ice, light, ticket, wallet, credit card, air, lighter, laugh, suitcase, sunshine, happiness, branch, label, oil, advice.
Exercise 33 Offer your guests something to drink or to eat.
Model: Would you like a glass of juice? Would you like some juice?
For ideas: cheese, chocolate, coffee, beer, biscuits, candy, bread, meat, salad, wine, tea, pizza.
Exercise 34 Fill in a (an) or some.
1. I need ... money. I want to buy ... food. 2. We met ... interesting people at the party. 3. I’m going to open ... window to get ... fresh air. 4. She didn’t eat much for lunch. Only ... apple and ... bread. 5. I’m going to make ... table. First I need ... wood. 6. We live in ... big house. There’s ... nice garden with ... beautiful trees. 7. Listen to me carefully. I’m going to give you ... advice. 8. I want to write a letter. I need ... paper and ... pen.
Exercise 35 Choose the correct noun either in singular or in plural.
1. I’m going to buy some new shoe/shoes. 2. Martin has got brown eye/eyes. 3. Paula has got short black hair/hairs. 4. The tourist guide gave us some information/informations about the town. 5. We’re going to buy some new chair/chairs. 6. We’re going to buy some new furniture/furnitures. 7. It’s difficult to get a work/job at the moment. 8. We had lovely weather/a lovely weather when we were on holiday.
Exercise 36 Translate the sentences.
1. Я ніколи не п’ю багато води. 2. Ваша інформація дуже важлива. 3. Мені потрібно багато грошей. 4. У кiмнaтi було багато меблів. 5. Де мої ножиці? 6. Йому потрібні окуляри, але він не може їх знайти. 7. На вулиці було багато людей i машин. 8. Де ваш багаж? 9. Я чув якийсь шум хвилину тому. 10. Будь ласка, переглянь цю газету. Там є цікаві новини. 11. Ваше волосся занадто довге. 12. В неї багато роботи.