Exercise 40 Answer the questions.

1. What are the main sources to obtain power required? 2. What are the main types of locomotives mentioned in the text? 3. What was the main advantage of diesel and electric locomotives over steam ones? 4. When did electric and diesel locomotives start replacing steam ones? 5. When were diesel electric locomotives first introduced? 6. When did BR design a high-speed diesel electric locomotive? 7. What kind of locomotives uses the third rail? 8. What is the rarest type of all diesel locomotives? 9. Where can gas turbine-electric locomotives be applied? 10. What is the record speed for a Maglev? 11. What is the main advantage of a Maglev mentioned in the text? 12. Why is there a growing interest in alternative fuels for locomotives? 13. What will the first hybrid diesel-electric/battery locomotive feature? 14. How do fuel cells convert energy of the fuel into electric power? 15. What energy sources are preferable regarding ecological issues? 16. What consequences of over-consumption of fossil fuels can we experience at present?

Exercise 41 Replace the italicised words with the synonyms from the text.

To find a field where power is not required, at present, to generate electricity, the largest consumer, basic types, to turn water into steam, to be scarcely more than, to design a high-speed train, extensively used type of locomotive, to haul more load, to absorb energy.

Exercise 42 Find the words from which the following derivatives are produced.

Unthinkable, hardly, required, burning, generator, catastrophic, productive, incomplete, efficiency, powerful, cheaper, disadvantage, renewable, non-nuclear, externally, actuation, driverless, directly, electrically, reduction.

Exercise 43 Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the box. Translate the sentences.

burns, a sphere, sources, to produce, developed,

Is connected, float, to convert

1. One can hardly find ... where power is not required. 2. The power is obtained from two ... 3. A steam locomotive ... coal and other materials. 4. This engine ... to the drive wheels. 5. One of the ways is ... power of steam into electricity. 6. British Rail ... a high-speed electric locomotive. 7. They use this fuel ... either steam or hot gases. 8. Maglev locomotives ... the train above the rail without the need of wheels.

Exercise 44 Choose the appropriate words in brackets.

1. Most of the power required is (obtained, obtain, obtaining) mainly from two sources 2. Electric locomotives are (external, externally) supplied with electric power. 3. The modern diesel-electric locomotive is an (electric, electrical, electrically) propelled unit. 4. The environmental consequences are (potential, potentially, potent) catastrophic.

Exercise 45 Find antonyms among the following words.

Advantage, ability, disadvantage, light, powerful, external, low, to lose, heavy, disability, powerless, to find, internal, high, cold, to cool, to heat, warm.

Exercise 46 Match the words and their definition

fossil fuel energy population to heat a train current a motor a wheel fluid environment renewable

capacity for performing work capable of being renewed a flow of electric charge the circumstances and objects by which one is surrounded the whole number of people in a country a small compact engine a liquid or gas tending to flow a circular metal frame that is capable of turning on an axle coal, oil, or natural gas formed in the earth from plant or animal remains a line of railroad cars with or without a locomotive to make warm or hot

Exercise 47 Read the text and give the main idea of every passage.