Reading comprehension Active Vocabulary

power supply system – система енергопостачання

hardly – adv ледве, навряд чи

obtain – v отримувати; syn get, receive

source – n джерело

fossil fuel – викопне паливо

external (internal) combustion engine – двигун зовнішнього (внутрішнього) згорання

convert (smth into smth) – v перетворювати

consumer – n споживач; consume – v споживати; power consumption – споживання енергії

fuel efficiency – коефіцієнт корисної дії палива

loss – n втрата, збиток

rarely – adv рідко, нечасто; ant frequently

supply – v постачати; n поставка; pl запаси; supplier – n постачальник

current – n струм, течія, потік; direct current (dc) – постійний струм; alternating current (ac) – перемінний струм

unit – n прилад, устаткування, одиниця; syn device

reach – v досягати, доходити

fluid – n рідина, adj рідкий; ant solid – adj твердий

pressure – n тиск; press – v натискати

transmit – v передавати; transmission – n передача

be similar to – подібний, такий самий; syn be like

instead (of) – adv замість чогось

float – v пливти (по воді, небу); тут піднімати

haulage capability – тягова міцність

pull – v тягти, тут перевозити

cargo – n вантаж syn load

recycle – v повторно використовувати

store – v зберігати, комп запам’ятовувати

capture – v захоплювати, поглинати

cell – n батарея, акумулятор

application – n використання, застосування, програма; apply – v використовувати, застосовувати

by-product – n побічний продукт

consequence – n післядія

acid – n кислота

harm – v завдавати шкоди; n шкода

renewable – adj відновлюваний; ant non-renewable; renewal – n відновлення

Irregular verbs

Infinitive	Simple Past	Past Participle	Translation
blow	blew	blown	дути
burn	burnt / burned	burnt / burned	горіти
catch	caught	caught	ловити
dig	dug	dug	копати
feed	fed	fed	годувати, постачати
forget	forgot	forgotten	забувати
freeze	froze	frozen	заморожувати

Exercise 35 Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the active vocabulary: efficiency, external, reach, to obtain, fossil fuels, consume, losses, pressure. Translate the sentences.

1. Environmentalists would like to see ... replaced by renewable energy sources. 2. China will not tolerate any ... interference in its affairs. 3. Industrialized countries ... natural resources in huge quantities. 4. They didn’t … the border until after dark. 5. I was impressed by the … with which he handled the crisis. 6. The magazine’s ... totalled almost $5million. 7. I finally managed … a copy of the report. 8. The team performs well under … .

Exercise 36 Translate the words and word combinations from the text.

Railway engineering, incomplete combustion of fuel, thermal efficiency, to be externally supplied with, to be significantly cheaper to run, recently designed systems, to be capable of reaching a high speed, to use fluids under pressure, to transmit and regulate power to the wheels, to have studies underway, hydrogen-fuelled cells, environmental consequences, the global warming, environmentally friendly technologies.

Exercise 37 Translate the sentences with to apply, appliances, an application and an applicant in non-technical situations.

1. To enter the University one must apply for admission and hand in a written application. Then, one must take the entrance examination. These rules apply to every applicant without exception.

2. I must go shopping today. Come with me. OK. I don’t intend to buy anything, I want to apply for help and detailed information to a shop selling electrical appliances. You know the shop where they sell labour-saving devices for the home: refrigerators, electric razors and irons, washing-machines, cameras, radio and television sets and many other things one may want in the house. The trouble is with my vacuum cleaner. I am not engineering-minded and apparently handle and use it in the wrong way.

Exercise 38 Translate the following sentences paying attention to possible different translations of the verbs.

convert: 1. They converted the bedrooms into an office. 2. European missionaries converted thousands to Christianity. 3. She succeeded in converting me to her point of view.

reach: 1. The kids have reached the age when they can care for themselves. 2. Prices rose steadily to reach record levels. 3. It took the jury three days to reach a verdict. 4. We reached London late at night. 5. I can probably reach him on his mobile.

consume: 1. A smaller vehicle will consume less fuel. 2. He was consumed with guilt after the accident. 3. Alcohol may not be consumed on the premises.

float: 1. She spent the afternoon floating on her back in the pool. 2. I looked up the clouds floating in the sky. 3. The sound of her voice came floating down from an upstairs window. 4. Russia decided to float the rouble in the foreign exchange market.

Exercise 39 Pre-text discussion.

What kind of energy sources do you know? What are the most dangerous of them and the most environmentally friendly? What do you think is the best way for any country to break the addiction to foreign oil? What alternative energy sources are the cleanest, cheapest and most reliable? What alternative energy sources can be used for powering homes, businesses, and automobiles? What energy source provides more than half of the Ukraine’s electricity supply? What do you know about the development of semiconductor materials that convert sunlight directly to electricity?

Text