Compound Sentences Types of Subordinate Clauses

(Складне речення. Типи підрядних речень)

Підрядне речення – підмет
that – що, те що if, whether – чи who – хто what – що, який which – який when – коли where – де how – як why – чому	That he understands his mistake is clear. – Ясно, що він розуміє свою помилку. Whether the train will arrive on time is not known yet. – Чи прийде потяг вчасно, ще не відомо.
Підрядне речення – присудок
ті ж самі прислівники	The problem is how to ensure safety. – Задача полягає у тому, як надати безпеку.
Додаткове підрядне речення
that – що if, whether – чи who – хто what – що which – який when – коли where – де how – як why – чому	We know where she lives. – Ми знаємо, де вона мешкає. They said (that) the car had been examined. – Вони сказали, що машину перевірили.
Означальне підрядне речення
who – хто whose – чий, якого which, that – який where – де why – чому	I bought the coat which/that was in the shop window. – Я купив пальто, що було у вітрині магазину. I met the man who/that works in the bank. – Я зустрів людину, яка працює у банку.
Підрядне речення обставини часу
when – коли after – після того, як before – до того як till – до тих пір while – у той час як since – з тих пір як as soon as – як тільки	As soon as he comes let me know. – Як тільки він прийде, повідом мене. When babies laugh, we know that they are happy. – Коли діти посміхаються, ми знаємо, що вони щасливі. I met my wife while I was at University. – Я зустрів дружину, коли навчався в університеті.
Підрядне речення обставини місця
where – де wherever – де би ні, куди би ні	Wherever you go you must remember about it. – Куди би ви не поїхали, ви повинні пам’ятати про це.
Підрядне речення обставини причини
because – тому що as – так як since – так як	He cannot go to the cinema because he is busy. – Він не може піти у кіно, тому що зайнятий.
Підрядне речення обставини способу дії
as – як that – що as if, as though – як би	She speaks so loudly that everybody can hear her. – Вона говорить так голосно, що усі можуть її чути.
Підрядне речення обставини мети
that – щоб so that, in order that – щоб, для того щоб lest – щоб не	She must speak louder so that everybody can hear her well. – Вона повинна говорити голосніше, щоб усі могли її чути. They kept watch all night lest robbers come. – Вони чергували усю ніч, щоб не зайшли грабіжники.
Підрядне речення обставини умови
if – якщо provided that, on condition that – при умові що unless – якщо тільки не	I won’t marry you unless you give up smoking. – Я не піду за тебе заміж, якщо ти не кинеш палити. I’ll give you the day off on condition that you work on Saturday morning. – Я дам тобі вихідний за умови, що ти робитимеш у неділю.

Exercise 26 Translate the sentences paying attention to subordinate clauses.

1. He explained that network of roads covered the whole country. 2. He explained that the network of roads that covered the country was mainly concentrated in the Eastern part. 3. If the scientists could predict the earthquake in an area the population would be evacuated from the district in time. 4. He asked if everything was arranged for the meeting. 5. He asked him whether he had taken part in the conference. 6. We’ve been waiting here since two o’clock. 7. Since you are unable to answer, perhaps we should ask someone else. 8. Unless the alloy (сплав) possessed the required qualities it could not be used in rocket engineering. 9. The attempt to improve the performance of the engine will be successful provided you take into consideration all factors.

Exercise 27 Join the sentences with who or which.

Beginnings	Ends
Do you know a shop? I know somebody. I want some plates. I was at school with the man. I’d like to speak to the person. She’s got friendly with a boy. The police haven’t found the man. There’s some cheese in the fridge. We’ve got some light bulbs. This is the switch.	He lives next door. He stole my car. He/She deals with exports. It isn’t working. It needs to be eaten. It sells good coffee. They last for years. She could mend that chair. They can go in the microwave. He is driving that taxi.

Exercise 28 Put in which or what.

Model: He got married again, which surprised everybody (which – відноситься до всього речення). I hope you’ll give me what I need.

1. She cycles to work every day, ... keeps her healthy. 2. I very much liked ... you said at the meeting. 3. They gave me ... I asked for. 4. The lights suddenly went out, ... frightened Granny terribly. 5. This is ... I need. 6. Everybody arrived late, ... didn’t surprise me in the least. 7. The door was locked, ... I wanted to knew. 8. He wouldn’t tell me ... I wanted to know. 9. She let me borrow one of her dresses, ... was very kind of her. 10. We’re going to have to repair the roof, ... will cost a fortune.

Exercise 29 Put the quotations together.

1.‘I’ll discuss it with you,’ she said, in a voice 2. A politician is a statesman 3. Any man who hates dogs and babies 4. Anyone who has been to an English public school 5. Consultants are people who 6. No man can lose 7. Nothing that is worth knowing

a) borrow your watch and tell you what time it is, then walk off with your watch. (Robert Townsend) b) can be taught. (Oscar Wilde) d) can’t be all bad. (L Rosten on W C Fields) d) that could have been used to defrost her refrigerator. (Rex Stout) e) what he never had. (Izaak Walton) f) who approaches every question with an open mouth. (Adlai Stevenson) g) will feel comparatively at home in prison. (Evelyn Waugh)

Exercise 30 Fill in the gaps with who, which, where, whose or that.

1. I received a letter this morning ... really upset me. 2. A boy ... I went to school with, is still in hospital. 3. He’s going to have an operation ... could save his life. 4. I recently went back to town ... I was born. 5. The people ... used to live next door moved a long time ago. 6. I met a girl ... I used to go out with. 7. She told me a story ... I found hard to believe. 8. She said she’d married a man ... had been married ten times before. 9. He lost all his money gambling ... really annoyed her. 10. Mary, ... parents both died a few years ago, is the same age as me. 11. He travelled to the Far East ... he got ideas for his books.

Exercise 31 Compose sentences. Use each conjunction twice.

A 1. I’d buy a new house 2. I’ll tidy the house 3. I’ll call you 4. If you want a ticket, you should phone the theatre 5. What will he do 6. I’m watching TV right now, but I promise I’ll help you 7. You’ll recognize her 8. Do you have breakfast

B when if before as soon as

C you go to work in the morning? you see her. he gets the job? my guests arrive. I won the lottery. dinner is ready. the ticket office opens. this programme finishes.

Якщо підрядне речення уточнює, що саме мається на увазі, і не може бути пропущене без втрати змісту, воно називається Identifying Clause. Перед таким реченням кома не ставиться: I like the course that I’m doing now. Who was that man who said hello to you? We’re looking for a pub that serves food. Якщо підрядне речення надає додаткову необов’язкову інформацію, що можна пропустити, то таке речення називається Non-Identifying Clause і кома у такому реченні ставиться. I’ll be away on 10 June, which is a Thursday. Aristotle was taught by Plato, who founded the Acamedy at Athens.

Exercise 32 Look at the following pairs of sentences. Which relative clauses are Identifying?

1. The woman who does my hair has just had a baby. Dorothy, who does my hair, has just had a baby. 2. She married a man whom she met on a bus. She married a nice architect from Belfast, Whom she met on a bus. 3. Have you got a book that’s really easy to read? I lent him The Old Man and the Sea, which is really easy to read. 4. What did you think of the wine that we drank last night? I poured him a glass of wine, which he drank at once.

Exercise 33 Insert commas for the Non-Identifying Relative Clause.

Model: Sheila, who I first got to know at university, was one of six children. This is the story that amazed the world. (no change)

1. The thing that most regret is not going to university. 2. My two daughters who are 16 and 13 are both interested in dancing. 3. The town where I was born has changed dramatically. 4. I didn’t like the clothes which were in the sale. 5. Salt that comes from sea is considered to be the best for cooking. 6. Salt whose qualities have been known since pre-historic times is used to season and preserve food. 7. The CD that I bought yesterday doesn’t work. 8. You know the book that you paid $20 for? I just got it for $5. 9. The area of England where I’d most like to live is Devon, in the West Country. 10. Devon where my mother’s family comes from is famous for its lovely countryside and dramatic coastline.

Exercise 34 Fill in the blanks with the linking words given below.

both ... and; besides however; not ..., but also; unfortunately; because; even though; particularly; seeing that; despite

Text A

Sally had a bad year, particularly after she had lost her job in the spring. She was exhausted ... physically ... mentally and she needed a break. ... the fact that she was going alone, she was looking forward to her holiday. She had booked a hotel in a quiet resort ... she wanted to relax; ... she couldn’t stand crowded tourist resorts. It was supposed to be the holiday of a lifetime. ... that wasn’t to be the case. ... only was the plane delayed for seven hours, ..., when she arrived at the hotel, her room had been double booked. ... they were to blame, the owners offered her alternative accommodation. ..., the other hotel was in a noisy resort. ... she wasn’t happy with the arrangement, she eventually had to accept their offer.

Text B

as a matter of fact; however; neither ... nor; owing to; providing that; in order to; at the same time; what is more; whether or not; alternatively; not only ... but also; firstly

There are many things you can do in order to reduce pollution levels in the city. ..., to decrease the amount of traffic on the streets, you should ask yourself ... your car journey is really necessary. It could be cheaper and healthier to walk. ..., it could be quicker, ... the amount of traffic at certain times of the day. ..., you could use public transport, ... avoiding the stressful experience of driving in the city and ... freeing yourself from the time-consuming necessity of finding a parking space. ..., when it comes to speed, health and convenience, ... walking ... the public transport system can compare with the simple bicycle. ... has it been proven to be faster than a car for most city journeys, ... you can park it almost anywhere ... you lock it securely.