Exercise 1 Read the following word groups.

[ou] old, sold, cold, gold, bold, fold, slow, sow, low, row, snow, grow, yellow, own, growth, know, show, blow, throw, boat, load, road, soap, throat, coast;

[au] town, down, gown, brown, how, out, house, loud, round, about, amount, pound, ground;

[u:] moon, soon, spoon, tool, pool, too, zoo, food, soup, group;

[u] look, took, good, hook, brook, book;

[A] couple, young, country, trouble, dove, some, won, front, month, mother, brother, come, love, glove, wonder, rough, enough, tough;

[Oi] boy, toy, voice, noise, coin, soil, boil;

[aVr] power, tower, lower, flower, bower;

[O:] door, floor, your, four, pour.

Exercise 2 Read the following words.

Go, doll, lot, spoke, clock, cold, gob, sold, log, cold, book, rock, bottle, home, sooty, box, too, spoke, moon, joke, role, pole, shoot, loom, conquest, hole, toe, snow, doctor, sport, born, long, Rome, bold, worker, more, town, round, know, voice, front, mother, among, aloud, along, ignorant, some, parrot, love, boy, boil, worse, cold, philosophy, monitor, narrow, wood, strong, noise, actor, round, flower, smoker, phlox.

Grammar Present Participle and Past Participle

(Дієприкметник теперішнього та минулого часу)

Use of Participles

Функція дієприкметника	Present Participle	Past Participle
Означення (одиночне або у складі підрядного речення)	They watched the burning forest. – Вони спостерігали за палаючим лісом.	She looked at the broken chair. – Вона подивилася на поламаний стілець.
	He had a briefcase containing $1,000. (=that contained) – У нього був портфель, де знаходилось 1000 доларів.	The cash stolen in the raid was never found. (=that was stolen) – Готівка, вкрадена під час нападу, ніколи не була знайдена.
Обставина	She sat by the fire reading a book. – Вона сиділа біля вогнища, читаючи книгу. Not knowing what to do, I waited patiently. – Не знаючи що робити, я терпляче чекав.	Weakened by illness, she could hardly sit up. – Ослаблена хворобою, вона ледь могла сісти. He went to the party dressed as a monkey. – Він пішов на вечірку, одягнений мавпою.

Exercise 3 Read the sentences and find all participles. Point out their functions.

1. I fell asleep watching television. 2. Taken by surprise, he didn’t know what to say. 3. I sat there not listening to a word. 4. Boiling water turns to steam. 5. The terrorists used a stolen car. 6. I noticed a lorry coming down the hill. 7. The road is blocked by a tree fallen during the storm. 8. Coming up the steps, I fell down. 9. The old woman walked slowly to the lift, assisted by the porter.

Exercise 4 Complete these sentences putting in the correct Participle form of the verbs in brackets.

1. I love the noise of (fall) rain. 2. She says she’s got a (break) heart. 3. Most of the people (invite) to the party didn’t turn up. 4. We couldn’t agree on any of the problems (discuss). 5. Britain’s trade position has been (weak) by inflation. 6. (Serve) with milk and sugar, it makes a delicious breakfast. 7. We can offer you a job (clean) cars. 8. (Not wish) to continue my studies, I decided to become a dress designer. 9. The hills are (cover) in snow. 10. Anyone (touch) that wire will get a shock.

Exercise 5 Change the participle construction into a subordinate clause.

Model: All goods sold in this department store are of high quality.

All goods that are sold ...

1. The measures taken improved the quality of goods. 2. Special attention paid to advertising has brought results. 3. We hope that consumer goods produced in our country will be at the world standard level. 4. People travelling in early trains experienced some discomfort.

Exercise 6 Choose the Present or Past Participle given in brackets.

1. I found the film very (boring, bored). 2. I got so (boring, bored) waiting for you to arrive. 3. John is the most (boring, bored) man I’ve ever met. 4. Don’t look so (surprising, surprised)! 5. Mother looks very (worrying, worried). 6. The rise in crime is very (worrying, worried). 7. Don’t you find shopping (tiring, tired)? 8. Don’t you find John rather (tiring, tired)? 9. She’s always (annoyed, annoying) about something.

Exercise 7 Compare the Present and Past Participle. Characterize the following things, persons, and notions, using participles.

Model: A person has become tired of a long trip. (traveller, trip) It means that he is a tired traveller and it is a tiring trip.

1. Mr. Allen bores us with his manner of speaking. (Allen’s conversation, his listeners) 2. A team is in the process of losing a game. (team, game) 3. The sad news has broken her heart. (heart, news) 4. The boy’s questions puzzled us. (questions, we) 5. The teacher was annoyed by her comments. (comments, the teacher) 6. Her words seemed to embarrass the guests. (her words, the guests) 7. The boy’s behaviour disappointed his parents. (the boy’s behaviour, his parents) 8. The problem confused you. (the problem, you) 9. The doctor’s diagnosis upset the patient. (the diagnosis, the patient)

Exercise 8 In the following pairs of sentences, the same verb is missing twice, once as the Present Participle and once as the Past Participle. Choose the verb and form the Participle required.

grow, injure, amaze, drive, produce, take

Model: Books taken out of the library must be returned within three weeks. People taking books out of the library, which haven’t been stamped, will be banned.

1. The film, … by Stephen Spielberg, is a great hit. Power stations … enough energy to supply several towns are building on the south coast. 2. I fell on the ice, … my arm. Three people, … when their car crashed, were taken to hospital. 3. People … to work from Stafford to Blaby should know of roadworks there. The first train, … by steam, was called Stephenson’s Rocket. 4. Crops … under glass mature (визрівати) more quickly than those in the open air. Farmers … such crops can therefore catch the early markets. 5. I stared at the canvas … by the artist’s skill and eye for detail. Swiss watches, … for their elegance and precision, are sold throughout the world.

Exercise 9 Describe all possible ways to accomplish the following:

Model: People can become healthy ... (by) doing morning exercises, (by) not smoking, (by) observing the regime, etc.

1. The quality of production can be improved ... 2. Students can pass exams successfully ... 3. Ecology can be improved ... 4. We can enlarge sales of a new product ... 5. He can win in the competition ... 6. You can get a promotion … 7. One can open their own business …

Exercise 10 Put the verbs in brackets into the Present or Past Participle. Find Ukrainian or Russian equivalents.

1. A (roll) stone gathers no moss. 2. The (rot) apple injures its neighbours. 3. Hope (defer) makes the heart sick. 4. Rats desert a (sink) ship. 5. A (burn) child dreads the fire. 6. A (creek) door hangs long. 7. No (live) man all things can. 8. A (threaten) blow is seldom given. 9. (Bark) dogs seldom bite. 10. The tongue ever turns to the (ache) tooth. 11. A fault (confess) is half redressed. 12. A (grow) youth has a wolf in his belly. 13. Let (sleep) dogs lie. 14. There’s many a good tune (play) on an old fiddle. 15. Nothing flies into the mouth of a (sleep) fox.