
- •В.П. Сімонок
- •Contents
- •Передмова
- •Структура підручника
- •Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar
- •(Речення з дієсловом to have (have got))
- •Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
- •Порівняльні сполучники та звороти
- •Nouns: Countable and Uncountable Plural and Singular
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •From the history of railways:
- •200 Years of progress
- •Conversational practice
- •At the Railway Ticket Office
- •Word building
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Possessive Case of Nouns
- •Articles
- •Imperative Sentences
- •Prepositions of Time
- •Prepositions of Place
- •Questions General Questions
- •Special Questions
- •Alternative Questions
- •Tag Questions
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense in the Passive
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Exercise 49 Pre-reading discussion.
- •Railway traffic operation
- •Supplementary text railroading begins
- •Conversational practice
- •I’m sorry Excuse me of course Pardon
- •Word building
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Grammar Continuous Tense
- •Present Continuous Tense
- •Past Continuous Tense
- •Future Continuous Tense
- •Verbs, used only in simple tenses
- •Pronouns
- •Numerals
- •Розміри, виміри
- •Номери телефонів, автобусів та ін.
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •The railroad track
- •Unusual railways
- •It’s interesting to know... Around the world: track innovations
- •Conversational practice
- •I’ll ring back later.
- •I’m having a party on Saturday. Can you come?
- •Grammar revision
- •The Tower of London
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Grammar Perfect Tense (Часи групи Perfect)
- •Present Perfect Tense
- •Past Perfect Tense
- •Future Perfect Tense
- •The Loch Ness Wallet
- •Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Present Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Past Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Underground railways
- •Kharkiv underground
- •It is interesting to know... News in Brief about World Metros
- •Conversational practice
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Sequence of Tenses
- •Виключення з правила узгодження часів
- •Direct and Reported Speech
- •Питальні речення у непрямій мові
- •The Stress Interview
- •Interview
- •Наказові речення у непрямій мові
- •Expressions of Quantity Вираження кількості
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Railway construction: tunnels and bridges
- •Various types of passenger stock
- •Freight cars and containers
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Exercise 46 Translate the adjectives.
- •Grammar review
- •Amazing but true!
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Father’s Motto
- •Compound Forms of Present Participle
- •Supplementary text: New Energy from Old Sources
- •Reading rules
- •Exercise 1 Read the following word groups.
- •Exercise 2 Read the following words.
- •Grammar Present Participle and Past Participle
- •Use of Participles
- •Compound Forms of Present Participle
- •Exercise 19 Translate the word combinations using participles.
- •Absolute Participle Construction
- •Compound Sentences Types of Subordinate Clauses
- •Reading comprehension Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Power supply system
- •Exercise 40 Answer the questions.
- •Exercise 41 Replace the italicised words with the synonyms from the text.
- •Exercise 42 Find the words from which the following derivatives are produced.
- •Is connected, float, to convert
- •Exercise 46 Match the words and their definition
- •Supplementary Text new energy from old sources
- •Exercise 52 Work in pairs. Make a list of things we take for granted in our daily lives that would not be possible without electricity. Exchange your list with those of other members of the group.
- •It’s interesting to know…
- •Conversational practice
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Travelling by train
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Gerund
- •Функції герундія
- •It takes your breath away!
- •Exercise 12 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the use of that.
- •Shall / Will
- •Irregular verbs
- •New technologies on world railways
- •Computer Crime
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar
- •Infinitive
- •Форми інфінітива
- •Функції інфінітива
- •Exercise 4 Translate the following sentences and word combinations.
- •Exercise 5 Translate the sentences defining the function of the Infinitive.
- •The Brave Old Lady and the Hopeless Crook1
- •Attributive Group
- •Exercise 14 Find the headword of the word combinations and translate them.
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •High speed rail
- •500 Series Shinkansen
- •Supplementary Text a High-speed Trains Versus Automobiles and Airplanes
- •What is maglev?
- •Russian / German High-Speed Pact
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Exercise 35 Translate the following sentences.
- •Compound words
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Phrasal Verbs
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Complex Object
- •Exercise 3 Translate the sentences paying attention to the Complex Object.
- •Exercise 9 Translate the sentences using the Complex Object.
- •Complex Subject (Суб’єктний інфінітивний зворот)
- •Exercise 14 Translate the sentences using the Complex Subject.
- •An Overheard Conversation
- •Phrasal Verbs
- •The Art of Feng Shui
- •Reading comprehension Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Railway transport economics
- •Exercise 35 Answer the following questions according to the text.
- •Exercise 36 Find English equivalents.
- •Logistics on the Move
- •Word building
- •Enjoy yourself
- •The Song of the Engine
- •Three Types of Conditional Sentences
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Subjunctive Mood
- •3. Past Indefinite або Past Perfect.
- •Three Types of Conditional Sentences
- •Emphasis
- •Inversion
- •Exercise 27 Let’s talk about writers (artists, composers, etc.) both classical and modern. Express your opinion on Tolstoy, Shevchenko, Levitan, Mozart, etc.
- •Compound Conjunctions (Складові сполучники)
- •Compound Prepositions (Складові прийменники)
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •The future of rail transportation
- •Four Eurasian Corridors
- •Russia proposes Bering Strait tunnel
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Thoughts, that help us live
- •Irregular Verbs
- •Фонетичні правила читання голосних
- •Порядок слів у стверджувальному реченні
- •Active Voice
- •Passive Voice
- •Pronouns
- •Functions of Modal Verbs and Synonymous Expressions
- •Prepositions after Particular Words and Expressions
- •Greetings
- •Getting Acquainted with People
- •Parting with People
- •Invitations and Proposals
- •Apologies
- •Answers
- •Agreeing
- •Disagreeing
- •Hesitations and Lack of Understanding
- •Starting a Conversation
- •Telephoning
- •Transitional Words
- •Word Formation
- •Literature
Reading rules
U u |
[u:] |
у відкритому складі після звуків [r], [l],[dZ] |
lunar, rule, June |
[juə] |
перед r + голосна |
pure, cure |
|
Y y |
[j] |
на початку слова та перед голосним |
yet, year, beyond |
ph |
[f] |
|
philosophy, photo |
Exercise 1 Read the following words.
lunar rule June July flute plume lute junior rural plural |
сure lure mural endure impure secure during impurity durable fury |
yet year yes yard yellow yesterday you young beyond Yankee |
philosophy photo physics phase phenomenon telephone phonetics phrase pharmacology physician |
Grammar Sequence of Tenses
(Правила узгодження часів)
Якщо присудок головного речення стоїть у минулому часі, то присудок підрядного речення повинен стояти в одному з минулих часів.
He says that |
He said that |
he will translate this text tomorrow. |
he would translate that text tomorrow. |
he translates such texts without a dictionary. |
he translated such texts without a dictionary. |
he is translating this text now. |
he was translating that text at that time. |
he has already translated this text. |
he had already translated that text. |
he translated this text yesterday. |
he had translated that text the day before. |
1. Одночасні дії: Past Indefinite (головне речення) → Past Indefinite або Past Continuous (підрядне речення).
We knew he drank only fruit juice. – Ми знали, що він п’є тільки фруктовий сік.
2. Дія підрядного речення відбулася раніше дії головного речення: Past Indefinitе → Past Perfect або Past Perfect Continuous.
I was sure that he had left Washington D.C. – Я був упевнений, що він поїхав з Вашингтона.
3. Дія підрядного речення відбудеться пізніше дії головного речення: Past Indefinite → Future-in-the-Past.
I hoped that I would find him at the conference. – Я сподівався, що знайду його на конференції.
Виключення з правила узгодження часів
Якщо дієслово у підрядному реченні виражає загальновідомий факт або ситуацію, яка досі не змінилася та відповідає існуючому стану речей, дієслово у підрядному реченні може стояти у теперішньому або майбутньому часі.
Galileo proved that the earth moves round the sun. – Галілео довів, що Земля обертається навколо Сонця.
I came to tell you that I will vote against you. – Я прийшов тобі сказати, що голосуватиму проти тебе.
Exercise 2 Translate the following sentences.
1. She thinks that you passed your examination in physics. She thought that you had passed your examination in physics. 2. They know you will graduate from the institute next year. They knew you would graduate from the institute the next year. 3. She wants to know whether you completed your work yesterday. She wanted to know whether you had completed your work the day before. 4. We know that the young writer is working on a novel. We knew that the young writer was working on a novel. 5. We knew that you had gone sightseeing. 6. He said he had lost his way. 7. He knew that I never missed the seminars. 8. We thought that we would be able to see our old friends. 9. They thought I could drive a car. 10. I knew he was experimenting at the lab. 11. We considered that she had already obtained her Master’s degree in mathematics.
Exercise 3 Write the principal sentence in the past and point out that the action of the subordinate clause took place before it.
Model: I say that I read the book before. – I said that I had read the book before.
1. I am sure that you have seen the new film. 2. We are glad that you enjoyed your trip. 3. We know that you prefer to spend your days off in the country. 4. I am afraid Ann does not know anything about her friend’s plans. 5. He says that he met this woman somewhere before. 6. Nick says that the city makes a great impression on him.
Exercise 4 Write the principal sentence in the past and point out that the action of the subordinate clause took place:
a) after it;
b) simultaneously.
Model: She says that she takes books from the library.
She said that she would take books from the library.
She said that she took books from the library.
1. I know that they will discuss the plan at the meeting. 2. We think that you will enjoy this film. 3. We know that there are many places of interest there. 4. We think that you are full of impressions. 5. We are sure you admire these art treasures. 6. He thinks the house is surrounded by a high wall.
Exercise 5 Translate the following sentences.
1. Я думала, що ви запізнитеся у кіно. 2. Ми вважали, що ви працюєте над дипломним проектом. 3. Ми думали, що ви вже знайшли свій проект. 4. Я знав, що ви отримали квиток у театр. 5. Вона сказала, що збирається поїхати до міста. 6. Він сказав, що взяв у бібліотеці усі необхідні книги. 7. Вона сказала, що піде до музею наступного тижня. 8. Я був упевнений, що ви перекладали статтю без словника. 9. Я не знала, що діти голодні. 10. Ми не були впевнені, що ці шедеври живопису так вразять вас. 11. Ми були впевнені, що цей палац пов’язаний з ім’ям та біографією видатного російського письменника.