- •В.П. Сімонок
- •Contents
- •Передмова
- •Структура підручника
- •Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar
- •(Речення з дієсловом to have (have got))
- •Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
- •Порівняльні сполучники та звороти
- •Nouns: Countable and Uncountable Plural and Singular
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •From the history of railways:
- •200 Years of progress
- •Conversational practice
- •At the Railway Ticket Office
- •Word building
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Possessive Case of Nouns
- •Articles
- •Imperative Sentences
- •Prepositions of Time
- •Prepositions of Place
- •Questions General Questions
- •Special Questions
- •Alternative Questions
- •Tag Questions
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense in the Passive
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Exercise 49 Pre-reading discussion.
- •Railway traffic operation
- •Supplementary text railroading begins
- •Conversational practice
- •I’m sorry Excuse me of course Pardon
- •Word building
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Grammar Continuous Tense
- •Present Continuous Tense
- •Past Continuous Tense
- •Future Continuous Tense
- •Verbs, used only in simple tenses
- •Pronouns
- •Numerals
- •Розміри, виміри
- •Номери телефонів, автобусів та ін.
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •The railroad track
- •Unusual railways
- •It’s interesting to know... Around the world: track innovations
- •Conversational practice
- •I’ll ring back later.
- •I’m having a party on Saturday. Can you come?
- •Grammar revision
- •The Tower of London
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Grammar Perfect Tense (Часи групи Perfect)
- •Present Perfect Tense
- •Past Perfect Tense
- •Future Perfect Tense
- •The Loch Ness Wallet
- •Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Present Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Past Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Underground railways
- •Kharkiv underground
- •It is interesting to know... News in Brief about World Metros
- •Conversational practice
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Sequence of Tenses
- •Виключення з правила узгодження часів
- •Direct and Reported Speech
- •Питальні речення у непрямій мові
- •The Stress Interview
- •Interview
- •Наказові речення у непрямій мові
- •Expressions of Quantity Вираження кількості
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Railway construction: tunnels and bridges
- •Various types of passenger stock
- •Freight cars and containers
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Exercise 46 Translate the adjectives.
- •Grammar review
- •Amazing but true!
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Father’s Motto
- •Compound Forms of Present Participle
- •Supplementary text: New Energy from Old Sources
- •Reading rules
- •Exercise 1 Read the following word groups.
- •Exercise 2 Read the following words.
- •Grammar Present Participle and Past Participle
- •Use of Participles
- •Compound Forms of Present Participle
- •Exercise 19 Translate the word combinations using participles.
- •Absolute Participle Construction
- •Compound Sentences Types of Subordinate Clauses
- •Reading comprehension Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Power supply system
- •Exercise 40 Answer the questions.
- •Exercise 41 Replace the italicised words with the synonyms from the text.
- •Exercise 42 Find the words from which the following derivatives are produced.
- •Is connected, float, to convert
- •Exercise 46 Match the words and their definition
- •Supplementary Text new energy from old sources
- •Exercise 52 Work in pairs. Make a list of things we take for granted in our daily lives that would not be possible without electricity. Exchange your list with those of other members of the group.
- •It’s interesting to know…
- •Conversational practice
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Travelling by train
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Gerund
- •Функції герундія
- •It takes your breath away!
- •Exercise 12 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the use of that.
- •Shall / Will
- •Irregular verbs
- •New technologies on world railways
- •Computer Crime
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar
- •Infinitive
- •Форми інфінітива
- •Функції інфінітива
- •Exercise 4 Translate the following sentences and word combinations.
- •Exercise 5 Translate the sentences defining the function of the Infinitive.
- •The Brave Old Lady and the Hopeless Crook1
- •Attributive Group
- •Exercise 14 Find the headword of the word combinations and translate them.
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •High speed rail
- •500 Series Shinkansen
- •Supplementary Text a High-speed Trains Versus Automobiles and Airplanes
- •What is maglev?
- •Russian / German High-Speed Pact
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Exercise 35 Translate the following sentences.
- •Compound words
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Phrasal Verbs
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Complex Object
- •Exercise 3 Translate the sentences paying attention to the Complex Object.
- •Exercise 9 Translate the sentences using the Complex Object.
- •Complex Subject (Суб’єктний інфінітивний зворот)
- •Exercise 14 Translate the sentences using the Complex Subject.
- •An Overheard Conversation
- •Phrasal Verbs
- •The Art of Feng Shui
- •Reading comprehension Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Railway transport economics
- •Exercise 35 Answer the following questions according to the text.
- •Exercise 36 Find English equivalents.
- •Logistics on the Move
- •Word building
- •Enjoy yourself
- •The Song of the Engine
- •Three Types of Conditional Sentences
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Subjunctive Mood
- •3. Past Indefinite або Past Perfect.
- •Three Types of Conditional Sentences
- •Emphasis
- •Inversion
- •Exercise 27 Let’s talk about writers (artists, composers, etc.) both classical and modern. Express your opinion on Tolstoy, Shevchenko, Levitan, Mozart, etc.
- •Compound Conjunctions (Складові сполучники)
- •Compound Prepositions (Складові прийменники)
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •The future of rail transportation
- •Four Eurasian Corridors
- •Russia proposes Bering Strait tunnel
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Thoughts, that help us live
- •Irregular Verbs
- •Фонетичні правила читання голосних
- •Порядок слів у стверджувальному реченні
- •Active Voice
- •Passive Voice
- •Pronouns
- •Functions of Modal Verbs and Synonymous Expressions
- •Prepositions after Particular Words and Expressions
- •Greetings
- •Getting Acquainted with People
- •Parting with People
- •Invitations and Proposals
- •Apologies
- •Answers
- •Agreeing
- •Disagreeing
- •Hesitations and Lack of Understanding
- •Starting a Conversation
- •Telephoning
- •Transitional Words
- •Word Formation
- •Literature
Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
track – n залізнична колія; lay down a track – укладати колію
feature – n особливість, риса, v мати характерну рису, різнитися
permanent way – верхня будова колії
temporary – adj тимчасовий
as well – adv також; as well as – adv також як, а також
rest – v опирати(ся), відпочивати
heavy – adj важкий, напружений
replace – v замінювати, міняти
sleeper (AmE tie) – n шпала
strong – ajd міцний, сильний; ant weak; strength – n міцність, сила for – prep для, впродовж, тому що, оскільки
fasten – v кріпити; fastening – n кріплення
get acquainted with – познайомитися з
weight – n вага; weigh – v важити, зважувати
support – v підтримувати, підпирати; n опора
main – adj головний, основний; syn essential
volume of traffic – обсяг перевезень
gauge – n ширина колії
adopt – v пристосовувати, лагодити
rolling stock – рухомий склад
exist – v існувати; existing – adj існуючий
border – n границя, кордон
treat – v обробляти, ставитись до
provide – v забезпечувати; provide for – v передбачати
stability – n стабільність, міцність; stable – adj стабільний, міцний, тривалий
improve – v покращувати, поліпшувати; improvement – n удосконалення, поліпшення
elimination – n усунення; eliminate – v усувати, ліквідовувати
joint – n місце з’єднання; join – v з’єднувати
reduce – v зменшувати, укорочувати; reduction – n зменшення
continuous welded rail (CWR) – безстиковий (зварний) шлях
smooth – adj рівний, плавний, повільний
maintenance – n ремонт, експлуатація; maintain – v підтримувати, обслуговувати
because of – prep з огляду на, через
advantage – n перевага, привілей; ant disadvantage
occur – v виникати, з’являтися
precision – n точність, пунктуальність; precise – adj точний
ease – n легкість, простота; easy – adj легкий
installation – n встановлення; install – v встановлювати
therefore – adv тому, через те
just – adj справедливий
increase [in'kri:s] – v збільшувати, збільшення; n ['inkri:s] – зрос-тання; ant decrease
Irregular verbs
Infinitive |
Simple Past |
Past Participle |
Translation |
bring |
brought |
brought |
приносити, привозити |
hold |
held |
held |
тримати(ся), вміщувати |
know |
knew |
known |
знати |
lay |
laid |
laid |
класти |
say |
said |
said |
казати, говорити |
show |
showed |
showed (shown) |
показувати |
teach |
taught |
taught |
викладати, навчати |
wear |
wore |
worn |
носити, стиратися |
Exercise 36 Change italicised words into their synonyms from the vocabulary.
To put rails on granite blocks, to ensure drainage, a greater steadiness of the track, the intensive traffic, to abolish (liquidate) rail joints, to substitute for iron rails, a trunk line, to be rightly called; both switches and rails, to back up the idea; the peculiarities of modern track; to know exactly; the simplicity of calculation.
Exercise 37 Arrange the words in pairs of synonyms.
Increase, feature, tie, power, raise, strength, benefit, decrease, main, travel, advantage, journey, reduce, sleeper, intense, characteristic, heavy, major.
Exercise 38 Read and translate the following word combinations.
The weakest part of the permanent way; to weaken the track structure; to date back to early days; a temporary track; to be of the same gauge; heavily-used main lines; the two-century-long progress; to serve 15 times as long as iron rails; volume of traffic; the original gauge; engineering and rolling stock; to be under construction; to treat with creosote; crushed rock; to make the train pass to another track; to be substantially improved; to stabilize the weight of the structure; to weld the rails; to have a far greater weight; maintenance cost; longer life of rails; ballastless solution for high speed lines; to provide a smoother running of trains; a completely new way of thinking; to be justly considered.
Exercise 39 Pre-reading discussion.
What do you know about the track? Has it changed greatly in the course of rail development? What kinds of tracks do you know? What innovations in track construction have you heard of?
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