
- •В.П. Сімонок
- •Contents
- •Передмова
- •Структура підручника
- •Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar
- •(Речення з дієсловом to have (have got))
- •Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
- •Порівняльні сполучники та звороти
- •Nouns: Countable and Uncountable Plural and Singular
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Past Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Future Indefinite (Simple) Tense
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •From the history of railways:
- •200 Years of progress
- •Conversational practice
- •At the Railway Ticket Office
- •Word building
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Possessive Case of Nouns
- •Articles
- •Imperative Sentences
- •Prepositions of Time
- •Prepositions of Place
- •Questions General Questions
- •Special Questions
- •Alternative Questions
- •Tag Questions
- •Indefinite (Simple) Tense in the Passive
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Exercise 49 Pre-reading discussion.
- •Railway traffic operation
- •Supplementary text railroading begins
- •Conversational practice
- •I’m sorry Excuse me of course Pardon
- •Word building
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Grammar Continuous Tense
- •Present Continuous Tense
- •Past Continuous Tense
- •Future Continuous Tense
- •Verbs, used only in simple tenses
- •Pronouns
- •Numerals
- •Розміри, виміри
- •Номери телефонів, автобусів та ін.
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •The railroad track
- •Unusual railways
- •It’s interesting to know... Around the world: track innovations
- •Conversational practice
- •I’ll ring back later.
- •I’m having a party on Saturday. Can you come?
- •Grammar revision
- •The Tower of London
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Grammar Perfect Tense (Часи групи Perfect)
- •Present Perfect Tense
- •Past Perfect Tense
- •Future Perfect Tense
- •The Loch Ness Wallet
- •Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Present Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Past Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Future Perfect Continuous Tense
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Underground railways
- •Kharkiv underground
- •It is interesting to know... News in Brief about World Metros
- •Conversational practice
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Sequence of Tenses
- •Виключення з правила узгодження часів
- •Direct and Reported Speech
- •Питальні речення у непрямій мові
- •The Stress Interview
- •Interview
- •Наказові речення у непрямій мові
- •Expressions of Quantity Вираження кількості
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Railway construction: tunnels and bridges
- •Various types of passenger stock
- •Freight cars and containers
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Exercise 46 Translate the adjectives.
- •Grammar review
- •Amazing but true!
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Father’s Motto
- •Compound Forms of Present Participle
- •Supplementary text: New Energy from Old Sources
- •Reading rules
- •Exercise 1 Read the following word groups.
- •Exercise 2 Read the following words.
- •Grammar Present Participle and Past Participle
- •Use of Participles
- •Compound Forms of Present Participle
- •Exercise 19 Translate the word combinations using participles.
- •Absolute Participle Construction
- •Compound Sentences Types of Subordinate Clauses
- •Reading comprehension Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Power supply system
- •Exercise 40 Answer the questions.
- •Exercise 41 Replace the italicised words with the synonyms from the text.
- •Exercise 42 Find the words from which the following derivatives are produced.
- •Is connected, float, to convert
- •Exercise 46 Match the words and their definition
- •Supplementary Text new energy from old sources
- •Exercise 52 Work in pairs. Make a list of things we take for granted in our daily lives that would not be possible without electricity. Exchange your list with those of other members of the group.
- •It’s interesting to know…
- •Conversational practice
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Travelling by train
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Gerund
- •Функції герундія
- •It takes your breath away!
- •Exercise 12 Translate the following sentences paying attention to the use of that.
- •Shall / Will
- •Irregular verbs
- •New technologies on world railways
- •Computer Crime
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar
- •Infinitive
- •Форми інфінітива
- •Функції інфінітива
- •Exercise 4 Translate the following sentences and word combinations.
- •Exercise 5 Translate the sentences defining the function of the Infinitive.
- •The Brave Old Lady and the Hopeless Crook1
- •Attributive Group
- •Exercise 14 Find the headword of the word combinations and translate them.
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •High speed rail
- •500 Series Shinkansen
- •Supplementary Text a High-speed Trains Versus Automobiles and Airplanes
- •What is maglev?
- •Russian / German High-Speed Pact
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Exercise 35 Translate the following sentences.
- •Compound words
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Phrasal Verbs
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Complex Object
- •Exercise 3 Translate the sentences paying attention to the Complex Object.
- •Exercise 9 Translate the sentences using the Complex Object.
- •Complex Subject (Суб’єктний інфінітивний зворот)
- •Exercise 14 Translate the sentences using the Complex Subject.
- •An Overheard Conversation
- •Phrasal Verbs
- •The Art of Feng Shui
- •Reading comprehension Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Railway transport economics
- •Exercise 35 Answer the following questions according to the text.
- •Exercise 36 Find English equivalents.
- •Logistics on the Move
- •Word building
- •Enjoy yourself
- •The Song of the Engine
- •Three Types of Conditional Sentences
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar Subjunctive Mood
- •3. Past Indefinite або Past Perfect.
- •Three Types of Conditional Sentences
- •Emphasis
- •Inversion
- •Exercise 27 Let’s talk about writers (artists, composers, etc.) both classical and modern. Express your opinion on Tolstoy, Shevchenko, Levitan, Mozart, etc.
- •Compound Conjunctions (Складові сполучники)
- •Compound Prepositions (Складові прийменники)
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •The future of rail transportation
- •Four Eurasian Corridors
- •Russia proposes Bering Strait tunnel
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Grammar revision
- •Enjoy yourself
- •Thoughts, that help us live
- •Irregular Verbs
- •Фонетичні правила читання голосних
- •Порядок слів у стверджувальному реченні
- •Active Voice
- •Passive Voice
- •Pronouns
- •Functions of Modal Verbs and Synonymous Expressions
- •Prepositions after Particular Words and Expressions
- •Greetings
- •Getting Acquainted with People
- •Parting with People
- •Invitations and Proposals
- •Apologies
- •Answers
- •Agreeing
- •Disagreeing
- •Hesitations and Lack of Understanding
- •Starting a Conversation
- •Telephoning
- •Transitional Words
- •Word Formation
- •Literature
Pronouns
особові |
I you he she it we you they me you him her it us you them |
присвійні |
my your his her its our your their mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs |
зворотні та підсилювальні |
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves |
взаємні |
each other, one another |
вказівні |
this (these), that (those), such, the same |
питальні |
who, whom, whose, what, which |
відносні та з’єднувальні |
who, whom, whose, what, which, that |
невизначені |
some, any, one, all, each, every, other, another, both, many, much, few, little, either, no, none, neither |
Functions of Modal Verbs and Synonymous Expressions
USE |
PRESENT/FUTURE |
PAST |
здібність (ability)
|
He can read Arabic.
She’s able to run a marathon. |
He could/was able to read Arabic when he was four. (дія, що повторюється – здібність у минулому) He was able to escape. (одинична дія) |
можливість (possibility)
|
He can win the race. (90% впевненості) They could still be at school. (50% впевненості; можливо вони ще у школі.) Tom may be studying in his room. (може бути; 50% впевненості; можливо він ще навчається.) He might want some more food. (40% впевненості; можливо він бажає ще поїсти.) It’s likely that he will arrive tonight. He is likely to arrive tonight. |
She could have been killed in the car crash. (Нащастя, вона залишилась жива.) He may have spoken to Jenny yesterday. (Можливо він говорив з Дженні.) He might have forgotten. (Можливо він забув.) It was likely that he had arrived the day before. He was likely to have arrived the day before. |
вірогідність (probability) |
They will be home soon. (100% впевненості; передбачення) Greg should win easily. (90% впевненості; він переможе без зусиль; лише до майбутнього.) They ought to be home by now. (90% впевненість; напевно, вони будуть вдома.) |
He should have received his prize by now. (На цей час він можливо вже його одержав.) They ought to have arrived an hour ago. (Напевно, вони вже приїхали.) |
логічне припущення (logical assumption) |
She must be working. (90% впевненості; я впевнений, вона ще працює.) She can’t be over forty. ( Я впевнений, що їй не більше сорока років.) He couldn’t be at work ( Я не думаю, що він на роботі.) |
She must have been working. (Я впевнений, що вона працювала.)
She can’t have stolen the money. (Я впевнений, що вона не крала грошей.) He couldn’t have been at work yesterday. (Я не думаю, що він був на роботі учора.) |
дозвіл (permission) |
You can/can’t borrow my car. (дозвіл або відмова; неформальний)
Could I use your phone? (більш ввічливе; запит дозвілу) You may use the phone. (формальне; надання дозвілу) Might I speak to Mr Jones, please? (більш формальне; запит дозволу) I’m afraid you can’t/mustn’t see the patient. (неформальне; відмова) Children may not be left unaccompanied. (формальне; відмова – письмове повідомлення) |
He wasn’t allowed to/couldn’t cross the border. He
was allowed to
enter the country. (not:
|
необхідність (necessity) |
I must buy a new jacket. (Я так вважаю.) He has to put some petrol in the car. (необхідність згідно з зовнішніми обставинами для того, хто говорить) I’ve got to go to the bank now. (неформальне) My car needs repairing. or My car needs to be repaired. (це необхідно) They don’t have to/don’t need to/needn’t come if they don’t want to. (відсутність необхідності) I ought to get my hair cut. (це необхідно) |
I had to buy a new jacket. (Я повинен був.) Since his car was being repaired he had to go to York by train.
I had to go to the bank yesterday.
My car needed repairing. or My car needed to be repaired. (це було необхідно) She didn’t have to go. (відсутність необхідності) He needn’t have worn such heavy clothes. (Йому можна було не одягати такі важкі речі, але він це зробив.) She didn’t need to/didn’t have to buy any apples. (Їй не треба було купувати яблука і вона їх не купила.) |
порада (advice) |
You should drink more water. (загальна порада; я раджу вам) You ought to respect the elderly. (я раджу вам; більшість людей так вважає) You had better finish it. (це добра ідея; порада щодо певної ситутації) Shall I buy that car? (запит поради) |
You should have gone to bed earlier last night. (але ви цого не зробили) He ought to have seen a doctor earlier. (але він цого не зробив) It would have been better if you had finished it yesterday. (але ви цього не зробили) |
критика (criticism) |
You could at least help me.
|
You could have at least helped me last night. They should have tried harder. (але вони цого не зробили) You ought to have behaved yourself yesterday. (Було б добре це зробити, але ви цього не зробили.) |
обов’язок (obligation) |
I must go on a diet. (я повинен; я так вважаю.) I have to go on a diet. (Я повинен; так сказав лікар.) We ought to help the poor. (Це добре, але люди не завжди це роблять.) |
I had to go on a diet a month ago.
I had to go on a diet a month ago.
|
запити (requests) |
Can I borrow your book? (неформальне) Could I borrow your book? (ввічливо) May I have a cup of coffee, please? (формальне) Might I use your phone? (дуже формальне) Will you phone Jane tonight? (дружнє) Would you mind sending this fax? (ввічливе) |
|
запрошення (offers) |
Can I/we do anything for you? (неформальне) Shall I/we do it for you? (формальне) Would you like me to help you? |
|
пропозиції (suggestions) |
Shall we dance? I/We can go now if you like. We could leave if you want. |
He could have consulted a lawyer. |
заборона (prohibition) |
You can’t smoke there. (вам не дозволено) You mustn’t smoke there. (це заборонено) You may not smoke there. (формальне) |
They couldn’t smoke there. (їм не було дозволено)
|
обов’язок (duty) |
Everyone must obey the law. People ought to be more tolerant. (Це добре, але вони не завжди це роблять.) |
All the villagers had to obey the law. He ought to have been more tolerant. (Це було добре, але вони цього не зробили.) |