14. The substyle of poetry.

The purpose of the bell-letters style is not to prove but only to suggest a possible interpretation of the phenomena of life by forcing the reader to see the viewpoint of the writer. Besides informative and persuasive functions, also found in other functional styles, the b-l style has a unique task to impress the reader aesthetically. Linguistic features: 1. genuine imagery, achieved by purely linguistic devices; 2. the use of words in contextual and in more than one dictionary meaning; 3. a vocabulary which reflects the author’s personal evaluation of things; 4. a peculiar individual selection of vocabulary and syntax; 5. the introduction of the typical features of colloquial language.

Language of poetry (substyle of poetry). Verse is based mainly on the rhythmic and phonetic arrangement of the utterances. As a SD rhythm is a combination of the ideal metrical scheme and its variations governed by the standard. Both the syntactical and semantic aspects of the poetic substyle are held in check by rhythmic patterns. Syntactically this brevity is shown in elliptical and fragmentary sentences, in detached constructions, in inversion, asyndeton and other syntactical peculiarities. Rhythm and rhyme are distinguishable properties. The most important is the power of the words used in poetry to express more than they usually signify in ordinary language.

17. Antithesis

Antithesis (from Greek anti 'against'; thesis 'statement') is a SD based on the author's desire to stress certain qualities of the thing by appointing it to another thing possessing antagonistic features. They speak like saints and act like devils.

Antithesis is a stylistic device presenting two contrasting ideas in a close neighborhood. The phenomena opposed to one another can be pictured in an extended way. Or else the contradictory ideas may intermingle, thus creating the effect of not only the contrast, but also of the close unity of the contrasting features. The smell of life and richness, of death and digestion, of decay and birth, burden the air.

16. Newspaper headlines.

The headline. The headline is the title given to a news item of a newspaper article. The main function is to inform the reader briefly of what the news that follows is about. “The function of headlining is complex: headlines have to contain a clear, succinct and if possible intriguing message, to kindle a spark interest in the potential reader, who, on average, is a person whose eye moves swiftly down a page and stops when something catches his attention; and the chief means of producing ‘eye-catching’ effects is by making use of the full range of graphetic contrasts” (Crystal, Davy).

The main features of the English newspaper headlines can be briefly characterized according to the following points:

1. As the headlines are the most condense pieces of information, they should bring maximum of information on minimum space. This can be realized by using of special headline vocabulary (ban, bid, crack, cut, dash, hit, move). This vocabulary consists of short, monosyllabic and polysemic words with universal character. 2. Sometimes even the slang words are accepted. 3. Abbreviated words, nominal constructions and abbreviations are often used. 4. Although numbers are very common in the headlines, once can hardly find two numbers in one headline. 5. The use of punctuation symbols (quotation marks, hyphens, colons, dashes, etc.) 6. Omissions of articles and auxiliaries are very frequent. 7. Finite verb forms are frequently omitted. 8. Replacements of periphrastic verbal forms, such as those of continuous tenses or of the present, etc. by the historical present tense or by some nominal form derived from the verbal basis are common. 9 .Frequent use of gerunds and infinitives makes the text more condense. 10. Nominal/condensed constructions are very frequent. 11. Headlines often contain alliteration or puns. 12. Long words are replaced by the short ones which sound more dramatic. 13. The use of the graphetic contrasts is very common to produce ‘eye-catching’ effects.