11. Transposition of adjectives.

Transposition is transition from one part of speech into another or the formation of words with the help of suffixes: But me no buts. Transposition in ST means the unusual usage of grammatical categories: She has hates, wants, likes & dislikes. The adj’s normal syntactical function is to serve as an attribute in the sentence, to define some particular quality of the object it is attached to. The stylistic effect of using adj is achieved mainly through the play with the comparative & superlative degree forms (He is the most married man. The most nice girl I ever see). Stylistically charged structures in which a noun substitutes an adj: the dark of a girl, the slim of girls. A rare but noticeable thing is the usage of occasional compound adj: trigger-happy, girl-crazy.

13. The substyle of military documents.

Military doc-s are plans, estimates (оценки), surveys, evaluations, orders, summaries. They have their own composition and lex., morph., synt. characteristics. Features: clarity, brevity, precision. Military vocabulary includes terms, abbreviations, symbols, special phraseology, terminology (avoiding ambiguity and misinterpretation), many names (personal, geo).

Highly encoded character of the language. Grammar: omission of articles, possessive case, tenses, two moods (imper., indic.). Syntax: simple short sentences.

Abbreviations are particularly abundant in military documents. Here they are used not only as conventional symbols but as signs of the military code, which is supposed to be known only to the initiated: adv. (advance); atk (attack); obj. (object); A/T (anti-tank). In military documents sometimes metaphorical names are given to mountains, rivers, hills or villages, but these metaphors are perceived as code signs and have no aesthetic value.

15. The substyle of business letters.

Business letters contain: heading, addressing, salutation, the opening, the body, the closing, complimentary clause, the signature. Syntactical features of business letters are - the predominance of extended simple and complex sentences, wide use of participial constructions, homogeneous members. Morphological peculiarities are passive constructions, they make the letters impersonal. There is a tendency to avoid pronoun reference. Its typical feature is to frame equally important factors and to divide them by members in order to avoid ambiguity of the wrong interpretation.

12. Stylistic function of set expressions.

Phraseological units, such as proverbs and sayings, as well as various kinds of allusions may be used for stylistic purpose. A proverb is a brief, witty phrase of generalizing nature characterized by the completeness of the thought and generally expressing the wisdom of the people, e.g. He laughs best who laughs last. A saying is a common phrase differing from a proverb in that the thought is not completely expressed, e.g. to kill two birds with one stone.

Proverbs and sayings are mostly used by writers in the direct speech of characters to individualize their speech, and also as laconic, expressive and emotional ready-made phrases, they are often used both in the speech of characters and the author’s narrative to clarify and conform the thought. Epigrams are brief witty phrases resembling proverbs but created by men of letters. They are rhythmically arranged, sometimes rhymed and alliterated. Their aim is to convey some generalized idea in a laconic and expressive form. Allusion is reference to well-known historical, literary or mythological sources. The stylistic effect of an allusion can be achieved only if the facts and personages alluded to are well known to the reader. Idioms. An idiom is a fixed phrase which is only meaningful as a whole. Idioms very often contain metaphors, but not always. E.g. How do you do is an idiomatic greeting but it is not a metaphor. Idioms are not always used or recognized by the whole of the language community. Lexical stylistic devices are also classified according to the degree of originality into trite and genuine. Genuine devices are original, full of imagery. Trite devices are ready-made, fixed in dictionaries clichés. A cliche is generally defined as an expression that has become hackneyed and trite. Cliche is a kind of stable word combination which has become familiar and which has been accepted as a unit of a language, e. g. rosy dreams of youth, growing awareness. Quotation is a phrase or sentence taken from a work of literature or other piece of writing and repeated in order to prove a point or support an idea. They are marked graphically: by inverted commas: dashes, italics.