Metonymic shifting

Metonymy is known as a figure of speech; the use of one word for another that it suggests, as the effect for the cause, the cause for effect, the sign for the thing signified, the container for the thing contained, the instrument for the action, etc. In most cases spatio-temporal associations work to create metonymy.

Here the noble lord inclined his knee for the woolsack (Hansard)

І тут шляхетний пан схилив коліно перед лордом-канцлером.

The round game table was boisterous and happy. (Dickens).

Гравці за круглим столом голосно веселилися.

There was perfect sympathy between Pulpit and Pew.

Між панотцем і парафіянами була довершена злагода.

Це її образило.

She was hurt.

This case is closely connected to the synecdochal transformation, in which a part of a thing is used instead of the whole or other way round: pistol wedding – одруження під дулом пістолета.

These are the cases when the SL items denoting institutions, organisations or officials are mentioned indirectly, e.i. by names of the street or the building of their residing, while the TL norms require unambiguous nomination.

Fleet Street – the street in London where major publishers are situated, figuratively: British press.

White House – the place of residence of the US President in Washington, his administration, as well himself.

Whitehall – the street in London, the place of most important ministries, namely, the British government.

10, Downing Street – the London residence of the Prime-Minister of Great Britain, his/her administration, properly himself/herself.

Broadway – the central thoroughfare in New York, the district where the most known theatres are situated, figuratively: the theatrical world of New York.

Off-Broadway, off-off-Broadway theatres – fig.: vanguard theatres.

Madison Avenue – the street in New York, where major advertising agencies are situated. Madison Avenue means advertising business.

Metaphoric transformations

Semantic alterations also cover metaphoric transformations based on relations (associations) by similarity, by analogy, usage in figurative meaning. Here we can distinguish several types.

Metaphorisation: replacement of a non-metaphoric expression by a metaphoric one.

…and here Jephson thought of Mason – let him counteract that if he can. (Dreiser).

…тут Джефсон згадав про Мейсона: нехай спробує відбити такий удар!

Remetaforisation, which lies in rendering a SL metaphor by a TL metaphor.

Their thin white hair and drooping skin, their faltering lips and rusted clothes, the huddling bones of their bodies had come to winter. (H.E.Bates).

Поріділе сиве волосся, зморшкувата шкіра, тремтливі губи й іржавого кольору одіж, а ще скоцюрблені тіла свідчили, що для них вже настала зима.

Demetaforisation, i.e. elimination of the metaphor, its replacement by the descriptive mode of speech.

The leaves fell sorrofully.

З дерев опадав лист, додаючи печалі.

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In cases considered the semantic fields of both SL and TL translational items overlap. Therefore we can assert that the logical development of notions device rests upon the formal logical category of overlapping.

The scheme of the formal logical category of overlapping

SL TL