Утворення і особливості вживання пасивного стану The Passive Voice

to be (у потрібній формі) + Past Participle

Tense Active Voice Passive Voice

_{A new play is written by}

_Present He writes a new play every time the theatre asks for it.

_{He wrote a new play last}

him every time the theatre asks for it.

_{A new play was written by}

_Simple

Past

month.

him last month.

_Future He will write a new play some day.

A new play will be written by him some day.

_Present He is writing a new play now.

_{He was writing a new play}

A new play is being written by

him now.

A new play was being written by

Continuous

^Past

when we came to see him.

him when we came to see him.

Future

_{He will be writing a new}

_{play on holiday.} ^{He вживається}

_Present He has just written a new play.

_{He had written a new play}

A new play has just been written by him.

A new play had been

Perfect

Past

by then.

written by

_{him by then.}

Future He will have written a new play by the end of the year.

A new play will have been written by him by the end of the year.

Present

_{He has been writing a new}

_{play since last Monday.} ^{He вживається}

Perfect Continuous

Past

He had been writing a new play for a month when he fell ill.

He вживається

Future

He will have been writing a new play for 15 years by

2015.

_{Особливості вживання}

He вживається

Підмет пасивного стану може ставати як прямим, так і непрямим додатком.

В пасивному стані не вживаються дієслова становища appear, belong, consist, cost, depend, exist, detest, have, lack, fit, owe, matter, doubt і т. п.

В пасивному стані не вживаються дієслова з пасивним

значенням sell, wash, wear, read, bake, clean, reprint і т. п.

Дієслова, які потребують прийменникової конструкції, в пасивному стані прийменник зберігають.

Serge gave me a pen. —

A pen was given to me by Serg. (прямий додаток).

I was given a pen by Serg. (непрямий додаток)

The work of the whole group depends on him.

Strange ideas exist in her mind.

He was lacking in common sense.

This wine is selling quickly. These clothes wash well.

Her novel is reprinting already.

They laughed at him. — He was laughed at.