Unit 1

Theme: Railway Stations

Grammar: Passive Voice

1. Basic Vocabulary

a railway [ə ˈreɪlweɪ] залізниця

goods [gʊdz] вантаж

handling operations [ˈhandliŋ ɒpəˈreɪʃnz] вантажно-розвантажувальні

операції

a freight yard [ə ˈfreɪt ˈjɑ:d] товарная станция

a marshalling yard [ə ˈmɑːʃ(ə)liŋ ˈjɑːd] сортувальна станція

a terminal [ə ˈtəːmɪn(ə)l] кінцева залізнична станція

an engine [ən ˈɛndʒɪn] локомотив

a stub station [ə stʌb ˈsteɪʃ(ə)n] тупикова станція

a through station [ə ˈθruː ˈsteɪʃ(ə)n] проміжна станція

a waiting-room [ə ˈweɪtɪŋ ruːm] зал очікування

a booking-office [ə ˈbʊkɪŋ ˈɒfɪs] квиткова каса

a luggage-room [ə ˈlʌgɪdʒ ruːm] багажне відділення

a refreshment room [ə rɪˈfrɛʃm(ə)nt ˈruːm] буфет на вокзалі

variety [vəˈrʌɪəti] різноманітність

convenience [kənˈviːnɪəns] зручність

journey [ˈdʒəːni] поїздка

a medical design [ə ˈmɛdɪk(ə)l dɪˈzʌɪn] медичний пункт

available [əˈveɪləb(ə)l] придатний

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to book tickets [tu ˈbʊk ˈtɪkɪts] купувати квитки

to receive [tu rɪˈsiːv] приймати

to board a train [tu ˈbɔːd ə ˈtreɪn] сідати на поїзд

to relay [tu ˈriːleɪ] змінювати

to subdivide [tu sʌbdɪˈvʌɪd] підрозділяти

to perform [tu pəˈfɔːm] виконувати

to carry out [tu ˈkari ˈaʊt] виконувати

to design [tu dɪˈzʌɪn] призначати

to ensure [tu ɪnˈ ʃʊə] забезпечувати

Граматичний коментар Пасивний стан дієслова

Усі часові форми пасивного стану в англійській мові утворюються з відповідних часів допоміжного дієслова to be та дієприкметника минулого часу основного дієслова.

	Present	Past	Future	Future in the Past
Indefinite	It is loaded.	It was loaded.	It will be loaded.	It would be loaded.
Continuous	It is being loaded.	It was being loaded.	---	---
Perfect	It has been loaded.	It had been loaded.	It will have been loaded.	It would have been loaded.
Perfect Continuous	---	---	---	---

Часові форми групи Perfect Continuous у пасивному стані не вживаються.

Пасивний стан вживається тоді, коли в центрі уваги співрозмовників є особа або предмет, на які спрямована дія (об’єкт дії). Суб’єкт дії при цьому здебільшого не вказується. При потребі суб’єкт дії може бути виражений за допомогою додатка з прийменником by або with:

e.g. Iron is attracted by magnet. This building was designed by Rossi.

They put out the fire with water. The window was broken with stone.

На українську мову дієслова в пасивному стані перекладаються:

а) дієсловом з часткою -ся (-сь): His voice was heard at the door.

Біля дверей почувся його голос.

б) сполученням дієслова бути з дієслівними формами на -но, -то в безособових реченнях:

That house was built last year. Той було збудовано торік.

в) сполученням дієслова бути з дієприкметником пасивного стану минулого часу:

Where did you get the copies which were found in your room?

Де ви дістали ті примірники, які були знайдені у вашій кімнаті?

г) дієсловом в активному стані в неозначено-особових реченнях:

This problem is very much spoken about. Про цю проблему багато говорять.

д) якщо в реченні з дієсловом у пасивному стані вказано суб’єкт дії, його можна перекласти українською мовою особовим реченням з дієсловом в активному стані:

They were invited by my parents. Їх запросили мої батьки.

В наукових текстах звороти, які складаються із займенника it з дієсловом у пасивному стані, перекладаються неозначено-особовими зворотами. У таких конструкціях it грає роль формального підмета і не має самостійного значення:

It is said – говорять; It is reported – сообщают;

It is considered – повідомляють; It is believed – вважають;

It is hoped – сподіваються; It is known – відомо.

It is expected – чекають;

II. Text

Railway Stations

To transport people and goods a railroad must have places where freight can be received and put into cars and where passengers can book tickets and board or leave trains.

A railway station is the place where the journey of a train begins or ends or where it is relayed, i.e. where one engine is taken off the train and another put on.

According to their assignment the railway stations are subdivided into passenger stations, freight yards and marshalling yards.

Freight yards perform handling operations.

Marshalling yards are responsible for sorting and combining wagon loads.

Great importance is attached to loading and unloading services, i.e. to handing operations of freight yards (goods yards). The reliability of handling operations and the improvement of their methods are very important problems.

The goods yard is the place where the freight is dealt with. Normally it is not covered but it may be desirable for a section to be provided with a roof to protect some freight from the damage by wet. The rail sidings in the goods yards are arranged in pairs to economize in space. The roadways between them should be sufficiently wide for vehicles to manoeuvre.

The smaller items of freight may be sorted in the goods shed. The shed contains a covered platform at the wagon-floor level which is situated adjacent to the sidings. The platform extends from the wagon side.

The warehouse is often above the goods shed. Sometimes it is a separate building of more than one storey.

The greater part of freight transported by railroads does not pass through station buildings. It is loaded and unloaded directly between the cars or between the cars and trucks. According to the character of their work freight yards are subdivided into common freight yards and specialized ones. Specialized freight yards usually serve for loading and unloading minerals at place where they are mined.

Freight yards are located in the vicinity of cities connected by the railway with the marshalling yards and roads.

Freight terminal facilities are greater in size and in variety than the terminal facilities required for the passenger service.

Passenger stations perform passenger service. A passenger station is often called “a passenger terminal” through which the trains may really continue their journey.

There are two kinds of large passenger stations: stub stations and through stations. Trains end or start their runs at stub stations. Passenger operations are mostly carried out at the through stations.

In a passenger station one can see waiting rooms, luggage-rooms, ticket offices. A variety of special services are available there too. There are telephone and telegraph offices, taxicabs, medical design.

Stations designed for the use of larger number of people waiting for trains are to have larger restaurants, barber shops and stores.

Nearly all large passenger stations have small hospitals where a traveler may be given treatment by skilled nurses or doctors. Everything is done to ensure our passengers with a maximum of comfort and conveniences in their journey.

III. Vocabulary and Speech Exercises