Суффиксы глаголов
§ 12. -еп со значением делать или делаться, становиться (ср. префикс еп-).'Образует глаголы от прилагательных и существительных:
black черный to blacken чернить (делать чер
ным)
sharp острый to sharpen точить (делать ост
рым)
short короткий to shorten укорачивать (делать
коротким), укорачиваться (становиться коротким)
strength сила to strengthen усиливать (делать
сильным), усиливаться (становиться сильным) wide широкий to widen расширять (делать
широким), расширяться (становиться широким)
-{у обычно образует глаголы от прилагательных:
false фальшивый to falsify фальсифицировать
simple простой to simplify упрощать
pure чистый to purify очищать
-ize обычно образует глаголы от существительных: character характер to characterize характеризовать
crystal кристалл to crystallize кристаллизовать,
кристаллизоваться sympathy сочувствие to sympathize сочувствовать
(О суффиксах числительных и наречий смотрите в соответствующих разделах.)
§ 13. В современном английском языке существует большое количество слов с разнообразными суффиксами. Эти слова неделимы и не осознаются как образованные с помощью суффиксов. При отделении суффикса остающаяся часть не представляет собой какого- либо слова. Таковы, например, слова: cottage, courage, station, session, document, loyal, equal, probable, possible, curious, serious и многие другие.
СЛОВОСЛОЖЕНИЕ
§ И. Многие слова в английском языке являются составными, т. е. образуются путем соединения двух слов в одно слово. Некоторые составные слова пишутся слитно, а другие через черточку (дефис).
Составные существительные
bedroom спальная (bed кровать -f- room комната)
blackboard классная доска (black черный -f- board доска)
ice-box ледник (ice лед-\-Х>ох ящик■)
newspaper газета (news новость -4- paper бумага)
opera-glasses бинокль (opera операglasses очки)
reading-room читальня (reading чтение + room комната)
schoolboy школьник (school школа-f-boy мальчик)
shoemaker сапожник (shoe ботинокmaker тот, кто делает что-л.)
steamsnip пароход (steam nap -[-ship судно)
В составных существительных ударение обычно падает на первое слово, входящее в его состав: 'newspaper, 'reading-room.
Некоторые составные существительные состоят из диух существительных с предлогом между ними. В этом случае они всегда пишутся через черточку:
father-in-law тесть
son-in-law зять
commander-in-chief главнокомандующий
man-of-war военное судно
mother-of-pearl перламутр
Составные прилагательные
dark-blue темносиний (dark темный -f-blue синий)
first-class первоклассный (first первыйclass класс)
red-hot раскаленный докрасна (red красный -J- hot
горячий)
black-bearded чернобородый (black черный -]- bearded бородатый)
Составные прилагательные обычно имеют двойное ударение: 'dark-'blue, 'black-'bearded.
Составные местоимения
somebody кто-то, nothing ничего, everyone каждый и другие.
Составные глаголы
to whitewash белить
to broadcast передавать по радио
Составные глаголы этого типа встречаются редко. Распространенным типом составных глаголов является сочетание глаголов с наречиями:
to go in входить to put on надевать
to go out выходить to take off снимать
to go away уходить to pick up поднимать
to go up подниматься to ring up звонить по телефону
to go on продолжать to make out понимать
Составные наречия
somewhere где-то, nowhere нигде, everywhere везде и другие.
ьд
‘ьо
с
гь
ОД
С
•о
со
К
#*Ч Q |
|
О |
|
О |
|
25 |
|
ы |
|
> |
а> |
н < о |
О > |
о |
о > |
2 |
и |
ы < |
|
S |
|
н |
о х: |
ы |
Н |
S |
|
£ |
6 |
Ы |
Ч |
К |
(в 00 |
О |
|
=: |
«5 |
|
2 |
< 32 |
Е «=: |
Ы |
о н |
о |
S |
Е |
00 |
J3 |
и |
ч |
Ж |
UJ |
<У |
н |
et |
S |
|
03 |
|
к |
|
«Д |
|
со |
|
Я |
|
•8
■8-822
*а « S от
511»-
8-в •g « ™ lsSZ»
-£ % 2,5
g 5 2 £ >>5
кл ьдьд ьд ё’м-З 5 з -S -3 ■% -S
от .йй га со со со от
га <■> 2 2
« £ S g 2
5S»^
~Jc S 2,5
2Р
ru
ьд
в
*&
с
Oj
Ъбх.^ ЬД ЬД-~ .5 ^
ааъ s s
я «> й о 9, <х> о 3£ Й С в)ЛД о 0,0 о £> и О •° *° в> > > > га
® £3
я
«в а g о «
м£ ? >»33
ьла°
Ммс 5 ЬД й 3 5
■52*8» 2
с 5« ^ с « «1 с Щ J) «
Й « О JO
О ^ ХЗ __ <и-°" -а
*° тз тз 2 j=
СО •*- a >* ■*= в> g О «
*5
<3
5
Л
ч
о
U
се
ч
2 и я § 5 5 5 *
Н <->
S3 §
** к
ч
ю
се
н
§
§
о
а
U
ТЗ ТЗ *5
в) « S
л:
ОТ ОТ
га со а
5>1
•а «тз о о л ле
(Л V) СО СО
<у со
> 2 га JS
■= fl> I-* я
ьлъдьд с с с
w. ьдЗ 5 2
Мс И и (Л С со СО СО
•ЬС
”от .. я» Ос« га ® £ >-»
е-a й я
га а, « О -
►hJC р >v£*
л £
от
го <о
О г о, J= £ ^
_, *тЗ *q ■d^j a) у
’'З ° Л* iJt от
5«»:;
м о £ о « м£ ? >»ТЗ
И у-* W
1яЯ-
Sl5
| U Э S Э J (}
Future |
I shall ask he will ask we shall ask you will ask they will ask |
I shall be asking he will be asking we shall be asking you will be asking they will be asking |
I shall have asked he will have asked we shall have asked you will have asked they will have asked |
I shall have been asking he will have been asking we shall have been asking you will have been asking they will have been asking |
Shall I ask? |
Shall I be asking? |
Shall I have asked? |
Shall I have been asking? |
|
I shall not ask |
I shall not be asking |
I shall not have asked |
I shall not have been asking |
|
Future in the Past |
I should ask he would ask we should ask you would ask they would ask |
I should be asking he would be asking we should be asking you would be asking they would be asking |
T should have asked he would have asked we should have asked you would have asked they would have asked |
I should have been asking he would have been asking we should have been asking you would have been asking they would have been asking |
I should net ask |
I should not be asking |
I should not have asked |
I should not have been asking |
Продолжение
Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice)
Present l. |
Indefinite |
Continuous |
Perfect |
Perfect Continuous |
I am asked he is asked we are asked you are asked they are asked |
I am being asked he is being asked we are being asked you are being asked they are being asked |
I have been asked he has been asked we have been asked you have been asked they have been asked |
x |
|
Am I asked? |
Am I being asked? |
Have I been asked? |
|
|
I am not asked |
I am not being asked |
I have not been asked |
|
|
СЛ ro CL |
I was asked he was asked we were asked you were asked they were asked |
I was being asked he was being asked we were being asked you were being asked they *were being asked |
I had been asked he had been asked we had been asked you had been asked they had been asked |
|
Was I asked? |
Was I being asked? |
Had I been asked? |
|
|
I was not asked |
I was not being asked |
I had not been asked |
i |
а
го
5=1
S
-С
я
Е
л
е
о
•о
2
Е
а
чэ
К
X
>
9
S
гч
н
3
СЯ
-о
>
н
G
45
г
гч
п
гч
чэ
v;
а
*э
S
&
&
5
3
•е*
s
3
S
н
S
со
‘н
3
СЯ
Z
*п
|
Indefinite |
Continuous |
Perfect |
|
I am |
I am being |
I have been |
|
he is |
he is being |
he has been |
*-» н |
we are |
we are being |
we have been |
w а> ОТ |
you are |
you are being |
you have been |
а> м |
they are |
they are being |
they have been |
а. |
|
|
|
|
Am I? |
Am I being? |
Have I been? |
|
1 am not |
I am not being |
1 have not been |
|
I was |
I was being |
I had been |
|
he was |
he was being |
he had been |
|
we were |
we were being |
we had been |
<Л «3 |
you were |
you were being |
you had been |
а. |
they were |
they were being |
they had been |
|
Was I? |
Was 1 being? |
Had I been? |
|
I was not |
1 was not being |
I had not been |
|
-I shall be |
|
I shall have been |
|
he will be |
|
he will have been |
|
we shall be |
|
we shall have been |
м 3 |
you will be |
|
you will have been |
3 |
they will be |
|
they will have been |
ь* |
|
|
|
|
Shall 1 be? |
|
Shall I have been? |
|
I shall not be |
|
I shall not have been |
а> х: |
I should be |
'X / |
I should have been |
*•» |
he would be |
N. у/ |
he would have been |
С3 •V* ■*“* СП |
we should be |
|
we should have been |
<D о йО. |
you would be |
|
you would have been |
■*-* g |
they would be |
|
they would have been |
CU |
|
|
|
|
I should not be |
|
1 should not have been |
be
do not be
Неличные формы глагола to be
Infinitive J |
|
Indefinite |
to be |
Perfect |
to have been j i I j |
Gerund |
||||
Indefinite |
|
|
being |
| i |
Perfect |
|
|
having been |
1 i t ! |
|
Participle |
|
|
Present |
|
|
being |
Past |
|
|
been |
Perfect |
|
|
having been |
|
Indefinite |
Continuous |
■ Perfect |
|
I have |
I am having |
I have had |
а |
he has |
he Is having |
he has had |
<u со |
we have |
we are having |
we have had |
О •ч |
you have |
you are having |
you have had |
CL |
they have |
they are having |
they have had |
|
Have I? |
Am I having? |
Have I had? |
|
I have not |
I am not having |
I have not had |
|
I had |
I was having |
I had had |
|
he had |
he was having |
he had had |
|
we had |
we were having |
we had had |
Ч-» со jpfl |
you had |
you were having |
you had had |
0, |
they had |
they were having |
they had had |
|
Had I? |
Was I having? |
Had I had? |
|
I had not |
I was not having |
I had not had |
|
I shall have |
I shall be having |
I shall have had |
|
he will have |
he will be having |
he will have had |
О |
we shall have |
we shall be having |
we shall have had |
м s* |
you will have |
you will be having |
you will have had |
|
they will have |
they will be having |
they will have had |
Си |
|
|
|
|
Shall I have? |
Shall I be having? |
Shall I have had? |
|
1 shall not have |
I shall not be having |
I shall not have had |
о х: |
I should have |
I should be having |
I should have had |
d *- |
he would have |
he would be having |
he would have had |
со RJ |
we should have |
we should be having |
we should have had |
м |
you would have |
you would be having |
you would have had |
3 д |
they would have |
they would be having |
they would have had |
|
|
|
|
|
1 should not have |
| I should not be having |
I should not have had |