9. A). Определите, является ли глагол “to have” смысловым или вспомогательным. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Informal rules have very little to do with the laws created by governments. 2. English law has developed through decisions in individual cases. 3. The system based on English Common law has been adopted by many Commonwealth countries and most of the United States. 4. Versions of Roman law had long influenced many parts of Europe but had little impact on English law. 5. Many customs have existed since “time immemorial”.

B). Определите функцию глагола “to be”. Предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. Some laws are descriptive, others are prescriptive. 2. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink are guided by informal rules. 3. Uniform application of the law throughout the country was promoted by gradual development of the doctrine of precedents. 4. The rules of social institutions are observed by those who belong to them. 5. Throughout the history British courts were developing Common law. 6. Customs and court rulings are as important as status.

C). Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод конструкции there is (there are/there was/there will be).

1. There are 435 members in the House of Representatives.

2. Twenty-five years ago, there was one lawyer for every 700 people.

3. There will be a lot of evidence that proves this fact.

10. Поставьте прилагательные в необходимые формы сравнения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The profession of a lawyer is one of the (important) in the law-governed state.2. Lawyers’ salaries are (great) than those of many other professionals. 3. The (little) the evidence, the (difficult) to find a murderer. 4. In England the volume of unwritten law is (large) than the volume of written law. 5. There is a (great) difference between the world’s systems of law. 6. The interpretation of the Courts remains till either a (high) Court decides that this interpretation was wrong or Parliament passes another law. 7. One of the (early) codes – the Code of Hebrew law is contained in the Book of Exodus of the Bible.

Контрольная работа №2

Для того, чтобы выполнить контрольную работу №2, необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал:

1. Неопределенные местоимения some, any, no и их производные.

2. Видо-временные формы глагола в действительном и страдательном залогах (повторение).

3. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

4. Неличные формы глагола (инфинитив, причастие, герундий) и конструкции с ними.

5.Типы придаточных предложений. Союзное и бессоюзное подчинение.

6. Сослагательное наклонение. Типы условных предложений.

7. Согласование времен.

VARIANT 1

1. Прочитайте текст, письменно переведите его на русский язык, обращая внимание на юридические термины.

THE GOVERNMENTAL MODEL IN THE UK

Great Britain is a monarchy, but the Queen of Britain is not absolute but constitutional. Her powers are limited by the Parliament. The Parliament is the supreme legislative authority in Britain. Queen’s power is hereditary and not elective.

The governmental model that operates in Britain today is usually described as constitutional monarchy, or parliamentary system. While a monarch still has a role to play on some executive and legislative levels, it is Parliament, which possesses the essential power, and the government of the day, which governs by initiating and controlling political policy and legislation. The correct constitutional definition of Parliament is "Queen-in-Parliament", and all state and governmental business is therefore carried out in the name of the monarch by the politicians and officials of the system.

In constitutional theory the British people hold the political sovereignty to choose their government, while Parliament, consisting partly of their elected representatives in the Commons, possesses the legal sovereignty to make laws.

The various branches of this political system, although easily distinguishable from each other, are not entirely separate. The monarch is formally head of the executive, the legislature and the judiciary.

The legislature, which consists of both Houses of Parliament and formally the monarch, is for most purposes the supreme law-making body.

The executive comprises the sitting government and its Cabinet, together with government ministers of departments headed by ministers or secretaries of state, who all act formally in the name of the monarch. The judiciary is composed mainly of the judges of the higher courts, who determine the common law and interpret Acts of Parliament.

The judiciary is supposed to be independent of the legislative and executive branches of government.