3.11 Translate the text and make questions to each sentence.

International Map of the World (imw)

1. The International Geographical Congress in 1891 proposed that the participating countries collaborate in the production of a 1:1,000,000-scale map of the world. 2. Specifications and format were soon established, but production was slow in the earlier years since it was first necessary to complete basic surveys for the required data, and during and after World War II there was little interest in pursuing the project. 3. The intention to complete the series was reestablished, however, and many countries have returned to the task. 4. By the mid-1980s the project was nearing completion.

Did………? What did……? Why was……? When was…….? What have…to? Was………….? When was…….?

3.12 Translate the text. Mapmaking elements

Map design is a twofold process: (1) the determination of user requirements, with attendant decisions as to map content and detail, and (2) the arrangement of content, involving publication scale, standards of treatment, symbolizations, colours, style, and other factors. To some extent user requirements obviously affect standards of treatment, such as publication scale. Otherwise, the latter elements are largely determined on the basis of efficiency, legibility, aesthetic considerations, and traditional practices.

In earlier productions by individual cartographers or small groups, personal judgments determined the nature of the end product, usually with due respect for conventional standards. Map design for large programs, such as the various national map series of today, is quite formal by comparison. In most countries, the requirements of official as well as private users are carefully studied, in conjunction with costs and related factors, when considering possible changes or additions to the current standards.

Requirements of military agencies often have a decisive influence on map design, since it is desirable to avoid the expense of maintaining both civil and military editions of maps. International organizations and committees are additional factors in determining map design. The fact that development of changes in design and content of national map series may become rather involved induces some reluctance to change, as does the fact that map stocks are usually printed in quantities intended to last for 10 or more years. Also, frequent changes in treatments result in extensive overhauls at reprint time, with consequent inconsistencies among the standing editions.

3.13 Find equivalents.

традиционный стандарт

последующие несовместимости

дополнительные просмотры

требования пользователя

рассматривая возможные изменения

вызывает нежелание к изменению

3. 14 Match terms with definitions.

symbolization contour legend blue symbols green symbols brown symbols red symbols black symbols

is used to mark names and culture, or works of man; the graphic language of maps and charts; explain the less obvious symbols; is used to mark vegetation classifications; is used to mark water features, or hydrography; the most common and satisfactory means of showing relief, are lines that connect points of equal elevation; is used to mark road classes and special information; is used to mark relief.

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