- •Physical foundations of oil fields development and enhanced oil recovery methods
- •Introduction
- •1.2 Pool-reservoir properties.
- •1.3. Heterogeneity and anisotropy of reservoirs
- •2.1. Rock pressure and effective pressure.
- •2.2. Reservoir energy types.
- •2.3. The main sources of reservoir energy.
- •2.4. Operation modes of oil deposits.
- •2.5. Elastic-water drive
- •2.6. Dissolved gas drive
- •2.7. Gas cap drive.
- •2.8. Gravity drive
- •3.1. Productive formation.
- •3.2. The reservoir recovery and oil recovery factor (orf).
- •3.3. The well patterns - development systems of production facilities on natural recovery modes.
- •3.4. Enhanced recovery systems
- •3.5. Field development systems
- •3.5.1. Simultaneous production facilities development
- •3.5.2. Successive development systems.
- •3.6. Oil fields development parameters
- •3.6.1. Technological development parameters
- •3.6.2. Borehole grid. Wells’ density.
- •3.6.3. Krylov’s parameters. Compensation factor. Water cut factor.
- •3.6.4. Oil fields development rates.
- •3.6.5. Development stages of the production facilities (oil fields)
- •3.7. Types of water flooding
- •3.7.1. Edge water flooding.
- •3.7.2. Boundary water flooding
- •3.8. Circle water flooding.
- •3.8.1. Direct line drive systems. Their varieties – block systems.
- •3.8.2. Grid water flooding systems.
- •3.8.3. Selective and Spot water flooding.
- •3.8.4. Barrier water flooding system.
- •4.1. Porous formation models.
- •4.1.1. Deterministic model
- •4.1.2. Stochastic-statistical model.
- •4.2.4. Pollard model.
- •4.2.5. Models use peculiarities of the reservoirs of complex structure.
- •4.3. Water saturation and watering.
- •4.4. Reciprocating and non-reciprocating oil displacement.
- •4.4.1. Reciprocating displacement.
- •4.5. Displacement characteristics.
- •5.2. Project documentation.
- •5.3. Field-geologic characteristic of the deposit.
- •5.4. Rational development system.
- •6.1. Geological peculiarities reservoir structure with high-viscosity oil.
- •6.2. The deposit Russkoye
- •6.3. Katangli deposit.
- •6.4. Canada high-viscosity oil deposits.
- •6.5. The main peculiarities of high-viscosity oil deposits development.
- •7.1. Enhanced oil recovery methods classification.
- •7.2. Production stimulation methods (psm)
- •7.3. Enhanced oil recovery methods (eorm)
- •7.4. The forms of residual oil condition.
- •7.5 The reasons of residual oil condition.
- •7.6. The conditions of effective enhanced oil recovery methods use.
- •7.7. Oil deposits management and enhanced oil recovery methods.
- •8.1. Oil displacement by water solutions of surface-active reagents (sar)
- •8.2. Sar adsorption
- •8.3. Sar (surface-active reagent) composition.
- •8.4. Polymer oil displacement.
- •8.5. Micellar-polymer flooding method.
- •8.6. Conformance change or control (straightening the injectivity profile) (cc)
- •8.7. The choice of the areas and wells for injectability profile enhancement technologies implementation.
- •9.1. Filtration flows’ direction changing.
- •9.2. Forced fluid withdrawal (ffw)
- •9.3. Cyclic water flooding.
- •9.4. Combined non-stationary water flooding.
- •10.1. Oil displacement by carbon dioxide (co2).
- •10.2. Oil displacement by hydrocarbon gas
- •10.3. Water-alternated-gas cyclic injection.
- •11.1. Physical processes, happening during oil displacement by heat-transfer agents.
- •11.2. Oil displacement by hot water and steam.
- •11.3. The method of heat margins.
- •11.4. Combined technologies of enhanced oil recovery of high-viscosity oil deposits.
- •11.5. Thermal-polymer reservoir treatment (tpt)
- •11.6. Cyclic steam treatment of producing wells
- •Disp-lace-ment front
- •Ther-mal front
- •Combustion front
- •Disp-lace-ment front
- •Ther-mal front
- •Injection temperature
- •11.8. Thermal-gas method of treatment.
- •12.1. Formation hydraulic fracturing (fhf)
- •12.2. Well operation with horizontal end.
- •12.3. Acoustic methods.
- •Conclusion.
- •The list of symbols and abbreviations.
- •Content
- •Introduction 3
- •4.1. Porous formation models………………………………………………..38
- •4.1.1. Deterministic model……………………………………………………38
4.1. Porous formation models………………………………………………..38
4.1.1. Deterministic model……………………………………………………38
4.1.2. Stochastic-statistical model…………………………………………….39
4.2. The models of fractured-porous reservoirs……………………………39
4.2.1. The model with dual porosity and permeability…………………….39
4.2.2. Warren-Ruth model…………………………………………………..40
4.2.3. Kazemi model…………………………………………………………40
4.2.4. Pollard model…………………………………………………………41
4.2.5. Models use peculiarities of the reservoirs of complex structure…….42
4.3. Water saturation and watering………………………………………….43
4.4. Reciprocating and Non-reciprocating oil displacement………………..46
4.4.1. Reciprocating displacement…………………………………………..46
4.4.2. Non-reciprocating displacement………………………………………47
4.5. Displacement characteristics……………………………………………48
Chapter 5. Oil deposits development…………………………………………...51
5.1. The problems of oil deposits development…………………………….51
5.2. Project documentation………………………………………………….52
5.3. Field-geologic characteristics of the deposit……………………………53
5.4. Rational development system…………………………………………..54
Chapter 6. The deposits’ development with high-viscosity oils………………56
6.1. Geological peculiarities of reservoir structure with high-viscosity oils.56
6.2. The deposit Russkoye………………………………………………….57
6.3. Katangli deposit………………………………………………………..59
6.4. Canada high-viscosity oil deposits…………………………………… 60
6.5. The main perculiarities of high-viscosity oil deposits development….64
Part 2. Enhanced oil recovery methods…………………………………………66
Chapter 7. Production stimulation and enhanced oil recovery methods………66
7.1. Enhanced oil recovery methods classification…………………………66
7.2. Production stimulation methods (PSM)………………………………67
7.3. Enhanced oil recovery methods……………………………………….68
7.4. The forms of residual oil condition……………………………………69
7.5. The reasons of residual oil conditions…………………………………71
7.6. The conditions of effective enhanced oil recovery methods use……...72
7.7.Oil deposits management and EORM………………………………….73
Chapter 8. Physical-chemical methods………………………………………….74
8.1. Oil displacement by water solutions of SAR…………………………...74
8.2. SAR adsorption…………………………………………………………75
8.3. SAR composition……………………………………………………….77
8.4. Polymer oil displacement……………………………………………….78
8.5. Micellar-polymer flooding method……………………………………..79
8.6. Conformance change and control (CC)…………………………………80
8.7. The choice of the areas and wells for injectability profile enhancement technologies implementation……………………………………………………84
Chapter 9. Hydrodynamic enhanced oil recovery methods…………………….86
9.1. Filtration flow direction changing…………………………………….86
9.2. Forced fluid withdrawal (FFW)……………………………………….87
9.3. Cyclic water flooding………………………………………………….88
9.4. Combined non-stationary water flooding……………………………...91
Chapter 10. Gas and water-gas enhanced oil recovery methods………………..93
10.1. Oil displacement by carbon dioxide (CO2) ………………………….93
10.2. Oil displacement by hydrocarbon gas………………………………..94
10.3. Water-alternated-gas cyclic injection………………………………...95
Chapter 11. Thermal, thermic enhanced oil recovery methods…………………98
11.1. Physical processes, happening during oil displacement by heat-transfer agents……………………………………………………………………………..98
11.2. Oil displacement by hot water and steam…………………………...99
11.3. The method of heat margins………………………………………..102
11.4. Combined technologies of EOR of high-viscosity oil deposits……103
11.5. Thermal-polymer reservoir treatment (TRT)………………………104
11.6. Cyclic steam treatment of producing wells………………………...104
11.7. In-situ combustion………………………………………………….105
11.7.1. Dry-situ combustion……………………………………………...107
11.7.2. Wet-situ combustion……………………………………………...107
11.8. Thermal-gas method of treatment………………………………….113
Chapter 12. Other methods of EOR…………………………………………….115
12.1. Formation hydraulic fracturing……………………………………115
12.2. Well operation with horizontal end………………………………..118
12.3. Acoustic methods………………………………………………….119
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………123
Annex1. …………………………………………………………………………123
Ex. 1.1. Stationary oil filtration. Dupuy formula………………………………..124
Ex. 1.2. The radius of pressure disturbed zone in the deposits of low-viscosity oils……………………………………………………………………………….125
Ex. 1.3. The radius of pressure disturbed zone in the deposits of high-viscosity oils……………………………………………………………………………….129
Annex 2………………………………………………………………………….129
Ex.2.1. FHF in stratified reservoirs……………………………………………..129
Ex.2.2. What does depend the duration time of FHF efficiency on?....................130
Annex 3. ………………………………………………………………………..133
Ex.3.1. Oil composition classification…………………………………………..133
Ex. 3.2. Effective temperature…………………………………………………..134
Ex. 3.3. Initial pressure differential……………………………………………..135
Literature………………………………………………………………………138
The list of symbols and abbreviations………………………………………..142
Руководитель
д.т.н. профессор Грачев С.И.