- •Physical foundations of oil fields development and enhanced oil recovery methods
- •Introduction
- •1.2 Pool-reservoir properties.
- •1.3. Heterogeneity and anisotropy of reservoirs
- •2.1. Rock pressure and effective pressure.
- •2.2. Reservoir energy types.
- •2.3. The main sources of reservoir energy.
- •2.4. Operation modes of oil deposits.
- •2.5. Elastic-water drive
- •2.6. Dissolved gas drive
- •2.7. Gas cap drive.
- •2.8. Gravity drive
- •3.1. Productive formation.
- •3.2. The reservoir recovery and oil recovery factor (orf).
- •3.3. The well patterns - development systems of production facilities on natural recovery modes.
- •3.4. Enhanced recovery systems
- •3.5. Field development systems
- •3.5.1. Simultaneous production facilities development
- •3.5.2. Successive development systems.
- •3.6. Oil fields development parameters
- •3.6.1. Technological development parameters
- •3.6.2. Borehole grid. Wells’ density.
- •3.6.3. Krylov’s parameters. Compensation factor. Water cut factor.
- •3.6.4. Oil fields development rates.
- •3.6.5. Development stages of the production facilities (oil fields)
- •3.7. Types of water flooding
- •3.7.1. Edge water flooding.
- •3.7.2. Boundary water flooding
- •3.8. Circle water flooding.
- •3.8.1. Direct line drive systems. Their varieties – block systems.
- •3.8.2. Grid water flooding systems.
- •3.8.3. Selective and Spot water flooding.
- •3.8.4. Barrier water flooding system.
- •4.1. Porous formation models.
- •4.1.1. Deterministic model
- •4.1.2. Stochastic-statistical model.
- •4.2.4. Pollard model.
- •4.2.5. Models use peculiarities of the reservoirs of complex structure.
- •4.3. Water saturation and watering.
- •4.4. Reciprocating and non-reciprocating oil displacement.
- •4.4.1. Reciprocating displacement.
- •4.5. Displacement characteristics.
- •5.2. Project documentation.
- •5.3. Field-geologic characteristic of the deposit.
- •5.4. Rational development system.
- •6.1. Geological peculiarities reservoir structure with high-viscosity oil.
- •6.2. The deposit Russkoye
- •6.3. Katangli deposit.
- •6.4. Canada high-viscosity oil deposits.
- •6.5. The main peculiarities of high-viscosity oil deposits development.
- •7.1. Enhanced oil recovery methods classification.
- •7.2. Production stimulation methods (psm)
- •7.3. Enhanced oil recovery methods (eorm)
- •7.4. The forms of residual oil condition.
- •7.5 The reasons of residual oil condition.
- •7.6. The conditions of effective enhanced oil recovery methods use.
- •7.7. Oil deposits management and enhanced oil recovery methods.
- •8.1. Oil displacement by water solutions of surface-active reagents (sar)
- •8.2. Sar adsorption
- •8.3. Sar (surface-active reagent) composition.
- •8.4. Polymer oil displacement.
- •8.5. Micellar-polymer flooding method.
- •8.6. Conformance change or control (straightening the injectivity profile) (cc)
- •8.7. The choice of the areas and wells for injectability profile enhancement technologies implementation.
- •9.1. Filtration flows’ direction changing.
- •9.2. Forced fluid withdrawal (ffw)
- •9.3. Cyclic water flooding.
- •9.4. Combined non-stationary water flooding.
- •10.1. Oil displacement by carbon dioxide (co2).
- •10.2. Oil displacement by hydrocarbon gas
- •10.3. Water-alternated-gas cyclic injection.
- •11.1. Physical processes, happening during oil displacement by heat-transfer agents.
- •11.2. Oil displacement by hot water and steam.
- •11.3. The method of heat margins.
- •11.4. Combined technologies of enhanced oil recovery of high-viscosity oil deposits.
- •11.5. Thermal-polymer reservoir treatment (tpt)
- •11.6. Cyclic steam treatment of producing wells
- •Disp-lace-ment front
- •Ther-mal front
- •Combustion front
- •Disp-lace-ment front
- •Ther-mal front
- •Injection temperature
- •11.8. Thermal-gas method of treatment.
- •12.1. Formation hydraulic fracturing (fhf)
- •12.2. Well operation with horizontal end.
- •12.3. Acoustic methods.
- •Conclusion.
- •The list of symbols and abbreviations.
- •Content
- •Introduction 3
- •4.1. Porous formation models………………………………………………..38
- •4.1.1. Deterministic model……………………………………………………38
7.7. Oil deposits management and enhanced oil recovery methods.
On the base of the oil field development analysis and identification of discrepancies between project and actual indicators of development there are carried out the actions to bring to conformation of the actual data with the project. The complex of such actions is called oil field development management that can be carried out purely by technological methods without modification or partial change of the development system.
Technological methods without development system changing (without drilling of new wells that are planned in the project documentation) are production (inflow) stimulation methods; they are the change of the wells’development drive by the increase of production rates, interval bottom-hole stimulation). Enhanced oil recovery methods include cyclic flooding, change of filtration flows direction, forced fluid withdrawal (FFW), the use of physical-chemical methods and others).
The management methods, associated with partial change of the development system, include the spot and selective flooding, enlargement or breaking up into smaller units of the production facilities, followed by the application of physical-chemical and hydrodynamic methods of enhanced oil recovery.
Thus, the application of EOR methods promotes the harmonization of actual and project development indicators.
CHAPTER 8. PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL METHODS.
Physical-chemical methods provide the increase of the displacement coefficient and sweep efficiency simultaneously or one of them, and are designed to extract the film and capillary hold-up oil from the flooded deposits. Adding of special chemicals to the water allows you to create solutions that reduce interfacial tension and change mobility ratio of displacing and displaced phases. The result is an increase of the displacement coefficients. When the oil is displaced from the formation by the miscible reagent the surface boundaries between oil and displacer are diluted, capillary forces disappear, oil is dissolved in the displacer and oil can be fully or partially recovered from the area of the reservoir covered by the process of displacement.
8.1. Oil displacement by water solutions of surface-active reagents (sar)
From the name of surface-active reagents should be understandable that their adding to the injected water changes physical and chemical properties of water solution – oil displacer, decreases the surface tension on the boundary "water-oil", increases the hydrophilic behavior of pore channels surface, i.e. rock’s grains become more wetted with water. If there is some part of residual oil in the form of globules stuck in narrow pore channels, and under the action of pressure drop can't move, while reducing the surface tension these globules (particles of oil) will be deflected, will change their surface. The forces between molecules of oil and the pore channels surface will weaken, and the globules will be able to move through the narrow pore channels.
In the process of oil displacement the surface-active reagents have an influence on the following interrelated factors: interfacial tension between oil - water and surface tension on the borders of the water - rock and oil - rock, due to the adsorption of SAR on the pore channels surface. In addition, the effect of surface-active reagents is manifested in the change of the selective surface wetting of the rock by water and oil, disruption and washing off from the rock surface of the oil films, oil stabilization dispersion in the water, the growth of the coefficients of oil displacement by the water phase at the forced displacement and capillary saturation, and in the change of relative permeability of porous media [3,5,7].