- •Physical foundations of oil fields development and enhanced oil recovery methods
- •Introduction
- •1.2 Pool-reservoir properties.
- •1.3. Heterogeneity and anisotropy of reservoirs
- •2.1. Rock pressure and effective pressure.
- •2.2. Reservoir energy types.
- •2.3. The main sources of reservoir energy.
- •2.4. Operation modes of oil deposits.
- •2.5. Elastic-water drive
- •2.6. Dissolved gas drive
- •2.7. Gas cap drive.
- •2.8. Gravity drive
- •3.1. Productive formation.
- •3.2. The reservoir recovery and oil recovery factor (orf).
- •3.3. The well patterns - development systems of production facilities on natural recovery modes.
- •3.4. Enhanced recovery systems
- •3.5. Field development systems
- •3.5.1. Simultaneous production facilities development
- •3.5.2. Successive development systems.
- •3.6. Oil fields development parameters
- •3.6.1. Technological development parameters
- •3.6.2. Borehole grid. Wells’ density.
- •3.6.3. Krylov’s parameters. Compensation factor. Water cut factor.
- •3.6.4. Oil fields development rates.
- •3.6.5. Development stages of the production facilities (oil fields)
- •3.7. Types of water flooding
- •3.7.1. Edge water flooding.
- •3.7.2. Boundary water flooding
- •3.8. Circle water flooding.
- •3.8.1. Direct line drive systems. Their varieties – block systems.
- •3.8.2. Grid water flooding systems.
- •3.8.3. Selective and Spot water flooding.
- •3.8.4. Barrier water flooding system.
- •4.1. Porous formation models.
- •4.1.1. Deterministic model
- •4.1.2. Stochastic-statistical model.
- •4.2.4. Pollard model.
- •4.2.5. Models use peculiarities of the reservoirs of complex structure.
- •4.3. Water saturation and watering.
- •4.4. Reciprocating and non-reciprocating oil displacement.
- •4.4.1. Reciprocating displacement.
- •4.5. Displacement characteristics.
- •5.2. Project documentation.
- •5.3. Field-geologic characteristic of the deposit.
- •5.4. Rational development system.
- •6.1. Geological peculiarities reservoir structure with high-viscosity oil.
- •6.2. The deposit Russkoye
- •6.3. Katangli deposit.
- •6.4. Canada high-viscosity oil deposits.
- •6.5. The main peculiarities of high-viscosity oil deposits development.
- •7.1. Enhanced oil recovery methods classification.
- •7.2. Production stimulation methods (psm)
- •7.3. Enhanced oil recovery methods (eorm)
- •7.4. The forms of residual oil condition.
- •7.5 The reasons of residual oil condition.
- •7.6. The conditions of effective enhanced oil recovery methods use.
- •7.7. Oil deposits management and enhanced oil recovery methods.
- •8.1. Oil displacement by water solutions of surface-active reagents (sar)
- •8.2. Sar adsorption
- •8.3. Sar (surface-active reagent) composition.
- •8.4. Polymer oil displacement.
- •8.5. Micellar-polymer flooding method.
- •8.6. Conformance change or control (straightening the injectivity profile) (cc)
- •8.7. The choice of the areas and wells for injectability profile enhancement technologies implementation.
- •9.1. Filtration flows’ direction changing.
- •9.2. Forced fluid withdrawal (ffw)
- •9.3. Cyclic water flooding.
- •9.4. Combined non-stationary water flooding.
- •10.1. Oil displacement by carbon dioxide (co2).
- •10.2. Oil displacement by hydrocarbon gas
- •10.3. Water-alternated-gas cyclic injection.
- •11.1. Physical processes, happening during oil displacement by heat-transfer agents.
- •11.2. Oil displacement by hot water and steam.
- •11.3. The method of heat margins.
- •11.4. Combined technologies of enhanced oil recovery of high-viscosity oil deposits.
- •11.5. Thermal-polymer reservoir treatment (tpt)
- •11.6. Cyclic steam treatment of producing wells
- •Disp-lace-ment front
- •Ther-mal front
- •Combustion front
- •Disp-lace-ment front
- •Ther-mal front
- •Injection temperature
- •11.8. Thermal-gas method of treatment.
- •12.1. Formation hydraulic fracturing (fhf)
- •12.2. Well operation with horizontal end.
- •12.3. Acoustic methods.
- •Conclusion.
- •The list of symbols and abbreviations.
- •Content
- •Introduction 3
- •4.1. Porous formation models………………………………………………..38
- •4.1.1. Deterministic model……………………………………………………38
6.2. The deposit Russkoye
Russkoye field is located in Tazovskiy district of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area, it was opened in 1968. Heavy, high-viscosity oils are dedicated to the Cenomanian deposits, the formations PK1-7.
Geological structure of the Russkoye deposit is very complicated. The Cenomanian deposit is separated by tectonic faults on several hydrodinamically noncontiguous blocks. Both in the range of individual blocks, and within each of them there is observed the fluctuation of hypsometric marks of gas-oil and oil-water contacts levels. This fact has become the basis for allocation of five independent deposits in the context of the whole productive thickness; these deposits are separated from each other by relatively small in thickness clay shale breaks. The main hydrocarbon reserves are concentrated in the central block, the lowest mark of hydrocarbon-water contact is 870 m. The height of the oil bank is up to 100m, gas cap – up to 150m.
Open porosity, mainly, in semiconsolidated oil-gas reservoirs varies in the range of 26-35%. Permeability varies from 1 to 1650-1790 mD, an average meaning is 136 mD [16]. Oil, according to hydrocarbon composition, is mainly naphthenic - 39,95%, sweet - 0,35%, tarry - 11,4%. The oil density is 940-956 kg/m3. Reservoir temperature is 200 С. Dynamic viscosity ranges from 140-600 mPa*s.
Extended Well Test (EWT) of Russkoye field began in 1976. There were developed more than ten project documents on the base of EWT.
Field experimental works under the pilot operation of prospecting and producing wells was carried out in 1976 to 1985 at the experimental area of the deposit (Eastern wing of the structure) in gas-free zone by the employees of Glavtyumengeologia and Glavtyumenneftegas. At that period there were used: natural drive development; mechanized way of wells’ operation; oil displacement by cold water; dry and wet in-situ combustion. The project solution of the majority documents were not realized, it was provided for the operation of the vertical wells. After 1984 active operation of the wells was not conducted. Almost until 2007 all the wells were in conservation. The presence of perennially frozen rocks zone (PFR) complicated and complicates the use of thermal methods, leads to large losses of heat, the temperature on the bottomhole of injection wells and on the thermal displacement front can be insufficient for increasing the mobility of high-viscosity oil during the process of hot water injection.
In 2006 there was approved the Project of Trial Operation of Russkoye Field” ZAO “TNNC” (close joint-stock company)[17,18]. The development period is 22 years, the oil recovery factor is 0,283.
The project document considers the allocation of one development object PK1. The authors selected four pilot areas, where they have planned to consider the various well designs and stimulation technologies. Three pilot areas are located in the below the gas cap zone and one is in oil-water zone. The basis for the selection of the pilot areas is the principle of separation of the field in relative zones. In the well P-91 the ejector pump UOEP-3M was firstly used in practice to development and study the formations.
Up to 2010 year there were drilled 5 horizontal wells on the 1st pilot area. It is planned to put into operation 3 wells: one water-supply well, one producing and one steam-injection well in the Eastern wing of water-oil zone [18]. It is considered to use horizontal steam-injection well with a length of horizontal section is 400 m. The distance between producing and injection wells will be 150 meters. It has already been planned to test the technology of thermal-steam stimulation. On the second pilot area it has been planned: putting into operation the branched well of "fish tail" construction type; controlled directional wells, drilling in the entire productive interval. On the third pilot area all the producing wells are being drilled horizontally in the direction from West to East. This orientation of horizontal wells will allow to drill in the selected, according to the seismic data, fault and confirm its location. It is planned to put into operation 20 wells on the pilot area. It is supposed to use steam-injection stimulation; oil displacement by gas and water; injection of soft water; polymer flooding.