- •Physical foundations of oil fields development and enhanced oil recovery methods
- •Introduction
- •1.2 Pool-reservoir properties.
- •1.3. Heterogeneity and anisotropy of reservoirs
- •2.1. Rock pressure and effective pressure.
- •2.2. Reservoir energy types.
- •2.3. The main sources of reservoir energy.
- •2.4. Operation modes of oil deposits.
- •2.5. Elastic-water drive
- •2.6. Dissolved gas drive
- •2.7. Gas cap drive.
- •2.8. Gravity drive
- •3.1. Productive formation.
- •3.2. The reservoir recovery and oil recovery factor (orf).
- •3.3. The well patterns - development systems of production facilities on natural recovery modes.
- •3.4. Enhanced recovery systems
- •3.5. Field development systems
- •3.5.1. Simultaneous production facilities development
- •3.5.2. Successive development systems.
- •3.6. Oil fields development parameters
- •3.6.1. Technological development parameters
- •3.6.2. Borehole grid. Wells’ density.
- •3.6.3. Krylov’s parameters. Compensation factor. Water cut factor.
- •3.6.4. Oil fields development rates.
- •3.6.5. Development stages of the production facilities (oil fields)
- •3.7. Types of water flooding
- •3.7.1. Edge water flooding.
- •3.7.2. Boundary water flooding
- •3.8. Circle water flooding.
- •3.8.1. Direct line drive systems. Their varieties – block systems.
- •3.8.2. Grid water flooding systems.
- •3.8.3. Selective and Spot water flooding.
- •3.8.4. Barrier water flooding system.
- •4.1. Porous formation models.
- •4.1.1. Deterministic model
- •4.1.2. Stochastic-statistical model.
- •4.2.4. Pollard model.
- •4.2.5. Models use peculiarities of the reservoirs of complex structure.
- •4.3. Water saturation and watering.
- •4.4. Reciprocating and non-reciprocating oil displacement.
- •4.4.1. Reciprocating displacement.
- •4.5. Displacement characteristics.
- •5.2. Project documentation.
- •5.3. Field-geologic characteristic of the deposit.
- •5.4. Rational development system.
- •6.1. Geological peculiarities reservoir structure with high-viscosity oil.
- •6.2. The deposit Russkoye
- •6.3. Katangli deposit.
- •6.4. Canada high-viscosity oil deposits.
- •6.5. The main peculiarities of high-viscosity oil deposits development.
- •7.1. Enhanced oil recovery methods classification.
- •7.2. Production stimulation methods (psm)
- •7.3. Enhanced oil recovery methods (eorm)
- •7.4. The forms of residual oil condition.
- •7.5 The reasons of residual oil condition.
- •7.6. The conditions of effective enhanced oil recovery methods use.
- •7.7. Oil deposits management and enhanced oil recovery methods.
- •8.1. Oil displacement by water solutions of surface-active reagents (sar)
- •8.2. Sar adsorption
- •8.3. Sar (surface-active reagent) composition.
- •8.4. Polymer oil displacement.
- •8.5. Micellar-polymer flooding method.
- •8.6. Conformance change or control (straightening the injectivity profile) (cc)
- •8.7. The choice of the areas and wells for injectability profile enhancement technologies implementation.
- •9.1. Filtration flows’ direction changing.
- •9.2. Forced fluid withdrawal (ffw)
- •9.3. Cyclic water flooding.
- •9.4. Combined non-stationary water flooding.
- •10.1. Oil displacement by carbon dioxide (co2).
- •10.2. Oil displacement by hydrocarbon gas
- •10.3. Water-alternated-gas cyclic injection.
- •11.1. Physical processes, happening during oil displacement by heat-transfer agents.
- •11.2. Oil displacement by hot water and steam.
- •11.3. The method of heat margins.
- •11.4. Combined technologies of enhanced oil recovery of high-viscosity oil deposits.
- •11.5. Thermal-polymer reservoir treatment (tpt)
- •11.6. Cyclic steam treatment of producing wells
- •Disp-lace-ment front
- •Ther-mal front
- •Combustion front
- •Disp-lace-ment front
- •Ther-mal front
- •Injection temperature
- •11.8. Thermal-gas method of treatment.
- •12.1. Formation hydraulic fracturing (fhf)
- •12.2. Well operation with horizontal end.
- •12.3. Acoustic methods.
- •Conclusion.
- •The list of symbols and abbreviations.
- •Content
- •Introduction 3
- •4.1. Porous formation models………………………………………………..38
- •4.1.1. Deterministic model……………………………………………………38
5.4. Rational development system.
For one and the same field with the specific field-geologic characteristic you can offer several variants of development, with different number of wells, their grid, the order operational input, the drives of their work.
Each option will have different oil production rates, oil recovery factor, the development period. There is chosen one of the most rational variants from the possible options. The main part of rational variant choosing is the determination of a rational well grid. It is based on technological (geologic and hydro-dynamic) technical and economic parameters [3,7].
Technological and technical parameters include: peak production rate, the known geological reserves, the dependence of the total oil production from the total liquid production and potential recoverable reserves, the number of producing and injection wells, their grid, the term of putting into operation, etc. of Economic indicators include: the price of 1 ton of oil, all types of taxes on realization, the cost of crude oil transportation, wells’ construction and drilling, the costs of wells’ abandonment, etc.
Rational development system should provide the chosen hydrocarbon production at minimum cost and with high level of oil recovery factor.
Rational system is the total number of wells that yields the greatest economic benefits. Currently, the choice of the development rational system is carried out by means of variants calculation of hydrodynamic mathematical models.
CHAPTER 6. THE DEPOSITS’ DEVELOPMENT WITH HIGH-VISCOSITY OILS.
6.1. Geological peculiarities reservoir structure with high-viscosity oil.
Complex reservoirs with heavy, high-viscosity oil belong to the category of deposits of very complex structure and are operational facilities with difficult-to- recover reserves. High-viscosity oils have valuable high-molecular hydrocarbons and their compounds, which are used in various industries. The results of the laboratory researches have shown that the composition of heavy oils contains a large amount of asphaltenes, resins that is significantly higher than in the light oils with low viscosity. Dynamic viscosity factors are in hundreds times higher than the same parameters of light oils. According to various sources the factors of dynamic viscosity can reach 1000 and more mPa*s. The presence of heavy hydrocarbon compounds in the composition of oils leads to the significant increase in density; both in the reservoir and in normal conditions (see Annex 3).
The composition and structural features in the molecular structure of heavy high-viscosity oils consider the necessity to apply the rheological equations that differ from the equations of Newton used to describe the condition of low-viscosity oils.
During the movement of viscous oil in a porous medium the classical Darcy law is not carried out. In order to "shift" the liquid there must be overcome the initial pressure differential, which depends on the composition and properties of oil, pool-reservoir properties (see Annex 3).High dynamic viscosity coefficient influences significantly on the processes of filtration and displacement of high-viscosity oil. That is, in its turn, has a significant impact on the design system of development, production and choice of methods of oil recovery increasing.
Nowadays, there are widely used the wells with horizontal endings both injection and producing during the development process. The well grid compaction is also one of the peculiarities of the deposits’ development with high-viscosity oils. The choice of the well grid, the wells’ placement depends on the geological structure of the selected development object.
In Western Siberia high-viscosity oils are available in Russkoye, Tazovskiy, North-Komsomolskiy, Vanyaeganskoye, Ay-timkomskoe and other fields. The deposits with high-viscosity oils are developed in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Samara region, Sakhalin, Komi Republic. Oil deposits containing the high-viscosity oil there are also situated in Kazakhstan - the Uzen field (Myngyshlak), Canada, Mexico, Venezuela and other countries.